Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology - 300 > Lymphatic System 2 > Flashcards

Lymphatic System 2 Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

not present at birth
specific response to antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is adaptive immunity acquired?

A

Exposure to antibodies
Receiving antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of active immunity?

A
    • Naturally acquired (natural exposure)
  • Artificially acquired (administrated)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are two types of passive immunity

A

Naturally (transfer across placenta)
Artificaially (administration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 properties of adaptive immunity

A
  1. specificity
  2. Versatility
  3. Memory
  4. Tolerance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is specificity?

adaptive immunity

A

T/B cells only have receptor for 1 antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is versatility?

adaptive immunity

A

millions of lymphocytes, each sensitive to different antigen
lymphocyte divides when activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is memory?

adaptive immunity

A

Two groups of cells
1 attacks invaders
other remain inactive until later exposure (use memory cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is tolerance?

adaptive immunity

A

immune response ignores “self” targets foreign cells/toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

T and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the types of B cells

A

Plasma cells: create antibodies
Memory B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are types of T cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8): kill infected cells
Helper T cells (CD4): activate immune cells
Regulatory
Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Cytotoxic T cells directly attack cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity

A

B cells turn into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is cell mediated immunity effective against?

A

intracellular pathogens, cancer, foreign tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity effective against?

A

Extracellular pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an antigen?

A

any substance that causes body to make immune response against it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the part of an antigen that interacts with T cells called?

A

Epitope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 important characteristics of antigens

A

Antigenicity -
Immunogenicity -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Antigenicity?

characteristics of antigens

A

ability to combine w/ immune cells or antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Immunogenicity

characteristics of antigens

A

stimulate prod of specific antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are haptens

A

Have antigenicity but lack immunogenicity

Stimulate response if attached to larger carrier molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Example of hapten

A

poison ivy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Routes of antigen entry

A
  1. via blood to spleen
  2. via skin vessels to lymph nodes
  3. mucus membranes to MALT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is clonal selection? ## Footnote triggering immune response
lymphocytes divide and differentiate in response to specific antigen
26
Lymphocytes that undergo clonal selection create what cell types?
Effector cells - carry out immune response Memory cells - do not participate at first, create fast response in future
27
Placement of antigen-glycoprotein combination on plasma membrane is called?
antigen presentation
28
were are class 1 MHC protein located? what are they triggered by?
Present in all nucleated cells triggered by viral/bacterial infection | intracelluar/endogenous
29
What is a class 2 MHC protein
Present only in antigen-presenting cells Appear when cell is processing antigens | extracellular/exogenous
30
What are cytokines?
* * Stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions, such as cell growth and differentiation
31
How are CD8 T cells activated?
1. Antigen recognition 2. costimulation 3. Activation and Cell division
32
How Antigen recognition works?
* * CD8 T cell encounters specific antigen bound to class I MHC protein on another cell
33
What is costimulation
Physical/chemical stimulation of T cell and class I MHC molecule Prevents T cells from mistakenly attacking normal cells
34
What is anergy?
Recognition without costimulation leading to prolonged inactivity
35
Which 3 types of cells are produced during activation and cell division? ## Footnote Activating cell-mediated immunity
Cytotoxic t cells Memory t cells Regulatory t cells
36
What are cytotoxic T cells able to do? ## Footnote Cell mediated immunity
Leave secondary lymphatic organ to hunt down victims
37
How are CD4 T cells activated
* * Exposure to antigens with class II MHC proteins costimulation completes activation
38
What happens after CD4 T cell are activated
Divisons into helper T cells and memory T cells
39
What do active helper T cells secrete?
Cytokines
40
What is B-cell sensitization?
Preparation for activation
41
How B-cell sensitization works
* * Antigens brought into cell through endocytosis and placed on surface of cell to class II MHC proteins
42
How B cell activation works
Activated helper T cell must bind to MHC complex of sensitized b cell
43
What types of cells are created by divisions of B cells? | stimulated by cytokines
Memory B cells - inactive until second exposure Plasma Cells - can secrete 100 million antibodies per hour
44
Cytotoxic T cells leave lymphatic tissue to seek out foreign antigens. Can B cells do the same?
No, they stay in lymphatic tissue
45
What are antibodies?
* * Small soluble proteins that bind to specific antigens - abundance increases upon later exposure
46
Antibody molecule structure
Two polypeptide chains 1 heavy pair 1 light par
47
What does each polypeptide chain consist of? | Antibody molecules
Constant segments (base) Variable segments (antigen binding sites)
48
IgG antibody?
Most numerous Only one that can cross placenta Virus, bacteria protection
49
IgE antibody
Least common allergic, parasitic, hypersensitivity
50
IgD
B-cell sensitization
51
IgM
First secreted after infection - fastest Indicates recent infection
52
IgA
In glandular secretions Attack before pathogens get internal access
53
what is Antigen-antibody complex
Specific antibody molecule binds to its corresponding antigen molecule
54
What are antigenetic determinant sites or epitope on an antigen
Where antibodies bind to the antigen
55
Naturalization | Methods of eliminating antibodies
Antibodies occupy sites on virus, preventing from attacking body cells
56
Prevention of pathogen adhesion | Methods of eliminating antigens
IgA bodies cover bacteria, preventing adhesion
57
Activation of complement | Methods of eliminating antigens
Complement also binds to antibody, accelerating cascade
58
Stimulation of inflammation | Methods of eliminating antigens
Basophils and mast cells release chemicals
59
Attraction of phagocytes | Methods of eliminating antigens
Antibodies attract eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages
60
Opsonization | Methods of eliminating antigens
Phagocytes are able to bind more easily from antibody coating
61
Precipitation and agglutination | Methods of eliminating antigens
Antibodies can bind on adjacent antigens
62
What is immune complex | Precipitation and agglutination ## Footnote Methods of eliminating antigens
Linking of multiple pathogens to antibodies
63
Precipitation | Precipitation and agglutination ## Footnote Methods of eliminating antigens
Formation of insoluble complexes
64
Agglutination | Precipitation and agglutination ## Footnote Methods of eliminating antigens
Formation of an immune complex by surface antigens
65
What is primary response | Immunological Memory
Response to initial antigen exposure Takes time to develop
66
Antibody titer | Immunological memory ## Footnote primary response
antibody levels in blood peak after 1-2 weeks
67
Secondary response | Immunological memory
Triggered when antigen encountered again more extensive/longer lasting than primary resonse
68
Inactivated vaccines | types of vaccines
killed whole pathogen
69
live-attenuated vaccines | types of vaccines
weakened pathogen can no longer replicate
70
subunit, recombinant, polysaccaride, and conjugate vaccines | types of vaccines
specific portion of antigen
71
mRNA | types of vaccines
genetic material coded for specific pathogen antigen
72
Type 1 allergic reaction
Anaphylactic - m/c hypersensitivity due to re-exposure
73
Type 2 allergic reaction
Cytotoxic - antibodies directed against antigens on blood or tissue cells
74
Type 3 allergic reaction
Immune-complex Ag/Ab complexes escape phagocytosis lead to inflammation
75
Type 4 allergic reaction
cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity 12-72 hrs post exposure
76
Cause of aids
Human immunodeficiency virus virus binds to CD4 proteins
77
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
unknown cause affects many tissues
78
Rheumatoid arthritis
Body prod. antibodies that recognize joints as foregin and attack them
79
boutonniere deformity
middle finger bent towards palm outer finger bent opposite
80
swan neck deformity
base of finger and outmost joint bent middle joint straight
81
hitchhikers thumb
thumb flexes and and hyperextends
82
Claw toe deformity
toes bent either upwards from proximal joints and downwards at middle joints
83
Myasthenia gravis
body prod. antibodies that see neuromuscular junction as foreign
84
Hodgekins lymphoma
painless, non tender enlargement of one or more lymph nodes in neck
85
Non hodgekins lymphoma
more common/more fatal

Anatomy and Physiology - 300 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions