BMS10

Question 1

Where does the apex of the heart sit?

Answer 1

5th intercostal space

Question 2

Which valve has a different amount of cusps?

Answer 2

Mitrial has 2 and the others have 3

Question 3

What is the auricle?

Answer 3

Outpouch of the atria

Question 4

What are the 3 surfaces of the heart?

Answer 4

Diaphragmatic, anterior and pulmonary

Question 5

What does the pericardium prevent?

Answer 5

Over filling of the heart

Question 6

Where do cardiac veins drain?

Answer 6

Into the coronary sinus

Question 7

What stops over dilation of valves?

Answer 7

The cardiac skeleton

Question 8

Name the 3 layers of the pericardium

Answer 8

Pericardium (outer)
Visceral
Serous (inner)

Question 9

What is the main factor in TPR?

Answer 9

Arterioles

Question 10

Which type of circulation has lower pressure?

Answer 10

Pulmonary is lower than systemic

Question 11

What is preload?

Answer 11

The filling of the heart

Question 12

What is ohms law?

Answer 12

1= V / R

Question 13

How do you calculate MAP?

Answer 13

D + (S-D)/3

Question 14

What is darcys law?

Answer 14

That flow is proportional to resistance

Question 15

How do calculations of series and parallel circuits differ?

Answer 15

Series you add but parallel you have to do the inverse of

Question 16

What does plasmin do?

Answer 16

Break down clots

Question 17

What does APC do?

Answer 17

Prevent blood from clotting by inhibiting the activation of plasminogen

Question 18

Which blood type can accept anyone’s blood and why?

Answer 18

AB because they have no antibodies in plasma against A and or B

Question 19

Which blood type can be given to anyone and why?

Answer 19

O as is doesn’t have any antigens able to trigger an immune response

Question 20

What happens if you get given the wrong blood type?

Answer 20

You clot

Question 21

What treats venous thrombosis? (2)

Answer 21

Anticoagulant

Fibrinolytics

Question 22

Give an example of an antiplatelet

Answer 22

Aspirin

Question 23

What do platelets also do?

Answer 23

Cause vasoconstriction

Question 24

What does thrombin do?

Answer 24

Convert fibrinogen to fibrin to then join the platelets together

Question 25

What does fibrin do?

Answer 25

Join the platelets together

Question 26

What cross links fibrin?

Answer 26

Calcium

Question 27

What forms thrombin?

Answer 27

Prothrombin

Question 28

What is an arterial thrombi?

Answer 28

Fat aggregation

Question 29

What is haemophilia?

Answer 29

Inability to clot

Question 30

What can activate anti-thrombin?

Answer 30

Antithrombin

Question 31

What is APS?

Answer 31

Abnormal clotting

Question 32

What vitamin is needed to make prothrombin?

Answer 32

K

Question 33

What does NO do in thrombosis?

Answer 33

Inhibit platelet aggregation

Question 34

What is metabolic hyperaemia?

Answer 34

Build up of metabolites due to exersize

Question 35

How do you calculate MABP?

Answer 35

CO x HR

Question 36

Where are the stretch receptors?

Answer 36

Aortic arch and carotid sinus

Question 37

How does the brain stem react when the baroreceptor reflex is activated? (2)

Answer 37

Increase CO | Decrease CVP and TPR

Question 38

When blood pressure changes what 4 other measurements change?

Answer 38

CO, SV, EDV, EDP

Question 39

What 5 measurements contribute to BP?

Answer 39

SV, HR, TPR, blood volume and CVP

Question 40

What is starlings law?

Answer 40

The more blood entering in diastole increasing the amount of blood leaving in systole

Question 41

What actives baroreceptors?

Answer 41

When standing there is a sudden drop in CVP, EDV and SV

Question 42

Which nervous system controls dilation etc. and why?

Answer 42

Sympathetic because it connects to most arterioles in the body

Question 43

Name the branches of the nervous systems

Answer 43

Central & Peripheral Peripheral = Somatic & Autonomic Autonomic = Parasympathetic & Sympathetic

Question 44

What hormones cause vasoconstriction/dilation?

Answer 44

Noradrenaline dilates | Adrenaline constricts

Question 45

Which hormone decreases heart rate?

Answer 45

Acetylcholine

Question 46

Which hormone increases heart rate?

Answer 46

Noradrenaline

Question 47

How does ang2 affect arteries?

Answer 47

Constrict

Question 48

What do mast cells do?

Answer 48

Make histamine to dilate and make capillaries more leaky

Question 49

What has a higher affinity noradrenaline or adrenaline?

Answer 49

Noradrenaline

Question 50

What does vasopressin do?

Answer 50

Constrict vessels

Question 51

What does ANP do to vessels?

Answer 51

Dilate them

Question 52

What causes angina?

Answer 52

Heart not receiving enough oxygen

Question 53

What does myocardial infarction cause?

Answer 53

Death of heart muscle

Question 54

What does NO do?

Answer 54

Relax smooth muscle to vasodilate

Question 55

What is stenosis?

Answer 55

Vessels can't dilate

Question 56

What causes oedema?

Answer 56

When the volume leaving capillaries is greater than the lymph can pick back up

Question 57

Where are arteriovenous anastomoses? Describe their structure

Answer 57

At extremities | Wide and muscular

Question 58

What's the primary force oncotic or hydrostatic?

Answer 58

Hydrostatic

Question 59

What allows for heat loss?

Answer 59

Dermal venous plexus

Question 60

Give an example of where you could find fenestrated and discontinuous endothelium?

Answer 60

Kidneys | Spleen and liver

Question 61

What hormones alter heart rate? How do they do this?

Answer 61

Ach (increasing ion conductance) and beta blockers slow it | Noradrenaline make it faster by increasing ion conductance

Question 62

What is preload?

Answer 62

Filling pressure

Question 63

What is the primary force filling ventricles?

Answer 63

Elastic recoil

Question 64

What happens after decay time?

Answer 64

Action potential is initiated

Question 65

What is the haematocrit volume?

Answer 65

Volume of packed cells

Question 66

What are RBC precursors?

Answer 66

Normoblasts then reticulocytes

Question 67

What are platelets?

Answer 67

ER ejections

Question 68

What do lymphocytes mature?

Answer 68

Thyroid

Question 69

Name 2 leukocytes

Answer 69

Monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 70

Describe the megakaryocyte nuclei

Answer 70

Single and irregular

Question 71

What branch do neutrophils and monocytes come under?

Answer 71

Phagocyte

Question 72

Describe the leukocytes nucleus?

Answer 72

Mono

Question 73

Name all the granulocytes and the type of nucleus they have

Answer 73

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil | Multi lobes

Question 74

What do albumins do?

Answer 74

Make things more soluble

Question 75

What cell are mast cells related do?

Answer 75

Basophils

Question 76

What encases fibres?

Answer 76

Fasicle

Question 77

Where do you find myoepithelial muscle?

Answer 77

Glands

Question 78

What forms when many myoblasts fuse?

Answer 78

Myosin

Question 79

Which type of muscle is the only one able to respond to hormones?

Answer 79

Smooth

Question 80

Is lub or dub louder?

Answer 80

Lub

Question 81

What do P, T and QRS mean?

Answer 81

P: atrial depolarisation QRS: ventricle depolarises T: ventricle repolarises

Question 82

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 82

Forms vessels from existing capillaries

Question 83

What makes fenestrations in the capillaries?

Answer 83

Diaphragms cover the holes

Question 84

What joins arteries and veins?

Answer 84

Arteriovenous shunts

Question 85

Where is the sternal angle?

Answer 85

Rib 4 and 5

Question 86

What does hemizygous drain into?

Answer 86

From the left into the azygous which is on the right

Question 87

Where does the aorta emerge?

Answer 87

Behind the diaphragm at T12

Question 88

Name the 3 branches from the aorta

Answer 88

Common carotid Subclavian Branchiocephalic