BMS13

Question 1

Describe the ion channels in the colon (5)

Answer 1

Left side
Na in
H out and Na in
HCO3 out and Cl in

Right side
Na out and K in using ATP
Cl out

Question 2

What may cause malabsorption? (4)

Answer 2

Bile salts not circulating properly, failure of pancreatic enzyme delivery, lack of vitamins or too much water being retained

Question 3

What takes bile back to the liver?

Answer 3

Portal vein

Question 4

Describe a villi (5)

Answer 4

Goblet cells, ion channels and enterocytes line it
Lacteals and capillaries are in the centre
Intestinal crypts

Question 5

What happens in intestinal crypts?

Answer 5

Stem cells move up and differentiate

Question 6

What does lipase do?

Answer 6

Cut 2 FA from TAG

Question 7

What do lacteals do?

Answer 7

Absorb fat in the form of chylomicrons

Question 8

What do enterocytes do?

Answer 8

Make enzymes e.g. enterokinase

Question 9

What happens to lipids?

Answer 9

Lipoprotein B packages lipids into chylomicrons which the lipids absorb

Question 10

What does bile do and where does the end of the journey come?

Answer 10

Emulsify lipids so they form micelles which contain bile salt and lipases so they can be cut up and diffuse into enterocytes

Question 11

What happens when FA diffuse into enterocytes?

Answer 11

SER resynthesizes them

Question 12

Where does protein digestion start and finish?

Answer 12

In the stomach with HCl and pepsin and then to the duodenum

Question 13

What does enterokinase do?

Answer 13

Convert inactive enzymes into their active form e.g. tripsinogen to trypsin

Question 14

What does trypsin do?

Answer 14

Activate inactive enzymes

Question 15

What makes intrinsic factor for B12?

Answer 15

Parietal cells

Question 16

What stimulates water absorption in the colon?

Answer 16

Aldosterone

Question 17

What is the importance of microflora?

Answer 17

It can’t cross the epithelium which helps make vit K and folic acid

Question 18

What may cause not enough water absorption?

Answer 18

Bacterial infections

Question 19

Where is the main site of water absorption?

Answer 19

Small intestine

Question 20

What pumps does the small intestine have?

Answer 20

Fructuose, Na/glucose, Na/K/ATP and then Glucose/Fructose

Question 21

Describe the tissue of the oesophagus (3)

Answer 21

Smooth & skeletal muscle
connective tissue makes the adventitia
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium makes the mucosa

Question 22

How many sphincters does the oesophagus have?

Answer 22

2

Question 23

What do parotid glands excrete?

Answer 23

Serous

Question 24

What do submandibular glands excrete?

Answer 24

Serous and mucosal

Question 25

What do sublingual glands excrete?

Answer 25

Mucosal

Question 26

What shuts the stomach off from the duodenum?

Answer 26

Pyloric sphincter

Question 27

What does the large intestine do?

Answer 27

Absorbs water and vitamins to finish digestion

Question 28

What does CKK cause?

Answer 28

Contract the gall bladder and relax the sphincter

Question 29

What stimulates gastric secretions?

Answer 29

Histamine, gastrin and Ach

Question 30

What makes up gastric secretions?

Answer 30

HCl

Question 31

What is chyme?

Answer 31

Gastric juice and partially digested food

Question 32

What gland makes saliva?

Answer 32

Acinar

Question 33

What inhibits gastrin?

Answer 33

Low pH

Question 34

When is CCK released?

Answer 34

In response to fat

Question 35

What does CCK do? (3)

Answer 35

Stop feeling hungry Enzyme secretion Gastric motility Contracts the sphincter between duo and pancreas

Question 36

How is saliva modified?

Answer 36

Its passed along a duct and has ions added and removed

Question 37

What is the cephalic phase?

Answer 37

1 | Food in the mouth causes saliva and gastric secretions

Question 38

What is the intestinal phase?

Answer 38

3 Food enters SI and hormones are released to stop gastric secretions Nutrients are absorbed Bile and pancreatic secretions occur

Question 39

What is the gastric phase?

Answer 39

2 Acids and enzymes are made when food is in the stomach Gastric motility

Question 40

What cells release H? (2) What stimulates them to make H?

Answer 40

Enterochromaffin and parietal | ACh

Question 41

What else does ACh do?

Answer 41

Get mast cells the make histamine

Question 42

What does gastrin do? (2)

Answer 42

Get mast cells to make histamine and stimulate parietal cells to make H

Question 43

What does histamine do?

Answer 43

Get parietal cells to make H

Question 44

What do delta cells do? (3)

Answer 44

Make somatostatin which get enterochromaffin cells to make histamine and get parietal and g cells to make gastrin

Question 45

What do brunners glands make?

Answer 45

Mucus and HCO3

Question 46

What do crypts make?

Answer 46

Saline

Question 47

When is secretin released and by which organ?

Answer 47

Duodenum Releases when chime gets acidic Increases bile release

Question 48

What are enterocytes?

Answer 48

Cells lining the small intestine

Question 49

What do chief cells make?

Answer 49

Pepsinogen

Question 50

What does GIP and GLP do?

Answer 50

Inhibit glucagon and make insulin

Question 51

What type of cells make enzymes and alkali?

Answer 51

Acinar cells

Question 52

What is the hunger hormone?

Answer 52

Ghrelin

Question 53

What makes up the back of the tongue?

Answer 53

Smooth oral epithelium

Question 54

What seperates the front and the back of the tongue?

Answer 54

V shaped sulcus terminalis surrounded by moats

Question 55

What type of cells make up the front of the tongue?

Answer 55

Fungiform for taste; mushroom shape Filiform; keratinized spiky shape Circumvallate for taste; table like

Question 56

What glands are in the circumvallate? What type are they?

Answer 56

Von ebners; serous

Question 57

What glands are in the duodenum?

Answer 57

Brunners

Question 58

What are peyers patch?

Answer 58

In the SI they are lymph

Question 59

What do plicae circulares do?

Answer 59

Absorption

Question 60

Name the 3 layers of muscle in the stomach

Answer 60

Longtitudinal, circular and oblique

Question 61

Name the sections of the stomach (4)

Answer 61

Fundus Body/corpus Antrum Pylorus

Question 62

What secretion do exocrine glands do?

Answer 62

Merocrine

Question 63

What is serous VS mucous?

Answer 63

Serous is more liquid while mucous thick and slimy

Question 64

Name the 3 glands in the mouth?

Answer 64

Sublingual Submandibular Parotid

Question 65

What is a gland called if it is both serous and mucosal?

Answer 65

Serous demilume

Question 66

What type of gland is parotid?

Answer 66

Serous

Question 67

What type of gland is the mandibular?

Answer 67

Serous and mucosal

Question 68

What type of gland is the sublingual?

Answer 68

Mucosal

Question 69

What are myoepithelial cells?

Answer 69

Around acini to squeeze excretion out

Question 70

Where are paneth cells?

Answer 70

Under crypts with lysosomes

Question 71

What part of the gastric pits make what?

Answer 71

The bottom makes enzymes and the top makes mucus