Respiration

Question 1

What dilates the bronchi?

Answer 1

B2 adrenaline, nerves and CO2

Question 2

What is bulk flow?

Answer 2

Transportation via blood

Question 3

What carries the respiratory blood?

Answer 3

2 veins carry oxy and 1 artery carries deoxy

Question 4

What is the respiratory zone?

Answer 4

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs

Question 5

What changes the forced expiratory ratio?

Answer 5

Obstructive disease

Question 6

How do you calculate total lung capacity?

Answer 6

IRV + ERV + TV + RV

Question 7

How do you calculate vital capacity?

Answer 7

IRV + TV + ERV

Question 8

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 8

Volume you can breath in above the tidal volume

Question 9

What is the functional residual capacity?

Answer 9

Volume of air left in the lungs after expiration

Question 10

What is boyles law?

Answer 10

That gas pressure is inversely proportional to volume

Question 11

What is lung compliance?

Answer 11

Lungs ability to stretch and expand, therefore how hard the muscles are working

Question 12

What is anatomical dead space?

Answer 12

From the pharynx to terminal bronchioles

Question 13

Why do we have a reserve volume?

Answer 13

Keep the alveoli between breath so they stay open so less energy is required

Question 14

What causes physiological DS to no longer equal anatomical DS

Answer 14

When there is something wrong with the alveoli as you then have to add the alveolar dead space in

Question 15

What is poiseuilles law?

Answer 15

Resistance = 1/radius to the power of 4

Question 16

What would a low or high compliance indicate?

Answer 16

Fibrosis, collagen build up in alveoli

Emphysema, alveoli walls breaking down

Question 17

What does surfactant do?

Answer 17

Give all alveoli the same surface tension by having varying amounts of surfactant based on the size of the alveoli so they have equal pressures so they all get a fair share of the air and it doesn’t just go to one

Question 18

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 cells in the alveoli?

Answer 18

Type 1 are flat for gaseous exchange and type 2 are fat to secrete surfactant

Question 19

What is lower pleural or atmospheric pressure? When may this change?

Answer 19

Pleural is lower

When forcing breathing

Question 20

What happens to all the pressures when breathing in?

Answer 20

When breathing in alveoli expand and therefore alveolar pressure decreases to lower than atmospheric pressure so air moves in as it does this the pressure rises back up
Intrapleural pressure drops when breathing in as chest wall expands
In the middle of inhalation transpulmonary pressure has therefore increases and then decreases with exhalation

Question 21

What is the conducting zone?

Answer 21

Bronchioles, trachea, larynx and bronchi

Question 22

What parts of the respiratory tract have cartilage?

Answer 22

Trachea and bronchi

Question 23

Pressure of a gas

Answer 23

temp + conc

Question 24

What is henrys law?

Answer 24

solubility x partial pressure

Question 25

What's more soluble, O2 or CO2?

Answer 25

CO2

Question 26

What is the Cl shift?

Answer 26

HCO3 leaving the cell in exchange for Cl so more CO2 can enter

Question 27

What is the Haldane effect A?

Answer 27

How deoxy Hb buffers H

Question 28

What does Hb prefer to carry and when?

Answer 28

CO2 when its deoxy

Question 29

When does the curve shift left?

Answer 29

Increased pH, decrease CO2 and decreased temp

Question 30

What happens to air when it's in the upper airways?

Answer 30

Water dilates it

Question 31

What is pulmonary oedema?

Answer 31

Having fluid in the lungs which removes surfactant and therefore decreases surface tension

Question 32

Why does CO2 conc lower from expiring?

Answer 32

It mixes with dead space which has fresh air

Question 33

Where does the coronary vein go?

Answer 33

Into the ventricle

Question 34

Where is the sternomastoid and scalene muscle?

Answer 34

Down the side of neck and then underneath it towards the back

Question 35

Name the accessory muscles (5)

Answer 35

Scalene, sternomastoid, pectorals, intercostals and abdominals

Question 36

What happens when air gets into pleura?

Answer 36

Lungs collapse as the chest wall expands

Question 37

What is the central tendon?

Answer 37

Where all the muscles align towards in the diaphragm

Question 38

Where is the aorta, vena cava and oesophagus?

Answer 38

Aorta passes to the left, the oesophagus is in the middle and the vena cava is on the right in the central tendon

Question 39

What happens to the negative of the pleura when breathing in?

Answer 39

Gets more negative

Question 40

What enzyme do the lungs make?

Answer 40

ACE enzyme to convert Ang1 to Ang2

Question 41

What is anatomical dead space?

Answer 41

Everything that is not respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Question 42

What increases physiological dead space so its no longer the same as anatomical?

Answer 42

When the alveoli stop working

Question 43

What is the residual volume?

Answer 43

Air that's above the ERV

Question 44

What is functional residual capacity?

Answer 44

ERV + RV

Question 45

What is functional residual capacity?

Answer 45

Above tidal volume

Question 46

How do bronchodilators work? (2)

Answer 46

Inhibit mast cells | Stop Ach release so mucus and muscles can't contract

Question 47

COPD

Answer 47

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 48

What's the advantage of drugs having an increased carbon chain length?

Answer 48

Increased bioavailability so not as much medication is needed to be taken

Question 49

How does the G protein cascade happen?

Answer 49

Adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP which then goes on to activate protein kinases

Question 50

Where is the sternal angle?

Answer 50

T4 and 5

Question 51

Where is the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 51

Top of rib hole

Question 52

What type of joint is the sternocostal, costochondral (and where), costovertebral, costotransverse (and where) and where is the interchondral joint?

Answer 52

``` Synovial Primary cartilaginous- joins to the body Synovial Synovial- near vertebrae Ribs 6-10 joined to the joint cartilage ```

Question 53

What is the tubercle

Answer 53

A small lump on the rib

Question 54

Where is costal cartilage?

Answer 54

Joins rib to sternum

Question 55

Which direction do the external and internal muscles go?

Answer 55

External go into pockets and the internal do the opposite

Question 56

What are the 3 types of muscle?

Answer 56

Internal, external and innermost

Question 57

When breathing in which muscles contract and relax?

Answer 57

External contract

Question 58

Which ribs are false?

Answer 58

1, 2, 10, 11 and 12

Question 59

What's the bit that sticks down wards form the vertebrae?

Answer 59

Spinous process

Question 60

What joins the facets?

Answer 60

Pedicle

Question 61

Where are the 3 facets?

Answer 61

Inferior costal at the front, then superior articular and then transverse costal

Question 62

What is the vertebral foramen?

Answer 62

Hole in the vertebrae

Question 63

What either side of the spinous process?

Answer 63

Transverse process