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eBMS2011 > BODY SYSTEMS > Flashcards

BODY SYSTEMS Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 major spaces of the thorax

A

mediastinum and the 2 pulmonary cavities

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2
Q

Outline pericardium

A

sac of fibrous CT the heart sits in

Attaches to great vessels and diaphragm

fibrous/tough pericardium

serous/delicate pericardium which is the parietal and visceral layers

functions to prevent over contraction and prevent abrasion of the heart

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3
Q

What is the fossa ovalis

A

in the RA, remnant of where the placenta connect to heart before birth

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4
Q

What veins run into the RA

A

superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

coronary sinus

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5
Q

How many pulmonary veins deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium

A

4

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6
Q

What is the foramen ovale

A

in the LA remnant from blood bypassing lungs in foetus

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7
Q

What is noticeable about the LA auricle

A

contains muscle pectinate which help contracts the heart

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8
Q

What is the part before the pulmonary trunk called

A

conus arteriosus

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9
Q

What is trabecular carneae

A

in the RV forms muscular framework of ventricular walls

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10
Q

What are papillary muscles

A

at the end of chordae tendinae that prevent inversion or prolapse of connected valves

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11
Q

Outline semilunar valves

A

valves of aorta and pulmonary trunk.

have left, right and posterior cusps (tricuspid)

no chordae tendinae

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12
Q

Outline atrioventricular valves

A

have chordae tendinae

right = tricuspid

left = bicuspid, mitral

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13
Q

What are the 3 layers of the walls of the heart

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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14
Q

What are the 3 sulci of the heart

A

atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus

anterior interventricular sulcus

posterior interventricular sulcus

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15
Q

outline the right coronary artery

A

branches off ascending parts of aorta

sits in posterior interventricular sulcus

branches into right marginal and posterior descending arteries

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16
Q

What is the difference between right dominant and left dominant heart

A

posterior descending artery branches off RCA or left circumflex branch of LCA.

85:15 % of pop

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17
Q

What are the veins of coronary circulation and where do they sit

A

Great cardiac vein: drains left heart, along anterior interventricular artery

Small cardiac vein: drains right heart, along right marginal artery

Middle cardiac vein: drains interventricular septum, along posterior interventricular artery

Coronary sinus: collects blood from all veins into RA

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18
Q

Outline the left coronary artery

A

branches into left anterior descending which sits in anterior interventricular sulcus

branches into left circumflex branch which curves around LA

branches into left marginal

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries of systemic circulation

A

elastic: handle large pressures, closest to heart, most elastin
muscular: deliver blood to body, far from heart, more smooth muscle than elastin

arterioles

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20
Q

What are the 3 walls of arteries and veins

A

tunica intima: simple squamous epithelium, bigger lumen in vein

tunica media: smooth muscle cells, bigger and with more elastin in arteries, change diameter

tunica externa: protective CT layer

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21
Q

General differences between arteries and veins (say arteries, veins are then the opposite)

A

high blood pressure

thick intima media

relatively small lumen

no valves

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22
Q

what muscles are involved in vigorous and + very vigorous inspiration

A

scalenes stabilise ribs

external intercostal muscles expand ribs

+ sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles elevate thorax

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23
Q

What parts of the respiratory tract are considered in the upper part

A 
nose
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
part of larynx above vocal cords
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24
Q

what are conchae

Study These Flashcards
A

bony elevations in nasal cavity which delay and thus warm air

25
what are anterior and internal nares
anterior nares: nostrils internal nares: posterior choanae which continue flow of air
26
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx
Nasopharynx: above soft palate, posterior to choanae Oropharynx: between soft palate and tip of epiglottis Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx): below tip of epiglottis, continuous with Oesophagus
27
What are the muscles of the pharynx
superior/middle/inferior constrictors: squeeze food salpino/palato/stylo -pharyngeus: elevate pharynx and squeeze food when swallowing
28
Outline the larynx
cartilaginous structure that connects to hyoid bone and trachea vestibular ligaments/folds are false vocal cords vocal ligaments/folds are true vocal cords connect to arytenoid and corniculate cartilage
29
Outline the trachea
slightly rigid, flexible tube in mediastinum carina: point of bifurcation into primary bronchi 15-20 U shaped cartilages, annular ligaments connect cartilages allowing for change in shape posteriorly sits tracheal muscle
30
Outline the bronchi and bronchioles
bronchi split into primary, secondary and tertiary in bronchioles hyaline cartilage above is replaced with smooth muscle, goes bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
31
Outline the pleural sacs
closed sacs of mesothelium containing only serous fluid visceral (insensitive to pain) and parietal pleura (sensitive to pain)
32
Outline the lobes and fissures of the lungs
right lung: suprerior/middle/inferior lobe, horizontal and oblique fissures left lung: superior/inferior lobe, oblique fissure
33
Outline the hilum of the lung
bronchi are posterior veins are inferior and anterior
34
What are the 5 smooth muscles sphincters of the GI tract
Lower esophageal or cardiac (eosphagus and stomach) Pyloric (pyloric region of stomach and jejunum) Sphincter of Oddi (deudoneum) Ileocolic sphincter (ileum and large intestine) Internal anal sphincter (anus)
35
Outline the parietal and visceral peritoneum and the mesenteries
parietal: lines inner surface of body wall, secretes peritoneal fluid and stores fat visceral: wrapped around intraperitoneal organs, continuous with parietal mesenteries: folds of peritoneum that support intraperitoneal GI tract organs, contain blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
36
Outline the oesophagus
abdominal oesophagus past diaphragm (1/2 inch) upper 1/3 is striated muscle, remainder smooth vagus and sympathetic nerves from T1-5 lower oesophageal spinster (LES) physiological, tonically contracted until peristalsis
37
Outline the stomach
proximal reservoir/stomach: tonic contractions, maintains pressure on contents antral pump: in antral region, contracts physically (3x /min) rugae help break up and digest food greater omentum: special fold of peritoneum connecting stomach to other abdominal organs
38
Outline the small intestines
duodenum: full of stomach chyme, bile and pancreatic secretions, mostly retroperitoneal, mucous membrane jejunum: most absorption of carbs, proteins, fats, intraperitoneal ileum: mostly absorbs vitamin B12 and other products, intraperitoneal
39
What are the anatomical differences between jejunum and ileum, (say jejunum and then ileum is opposite)
long vasa recta short arcades thicker wall less fat in mesentery large, common plicae
40
what is cholecystokinin peptide hormone
secreted by duodenum and jejunum in response to food, triggers release of bile
41
What are the main parts of the large intestine and the large intestines function
absorbs water and electrolytes, solidify and stores faeces caecum: receives chyme appendix: contains lymph nodes ascending transverse descending sigmoid rectum: involuntary internal and voluntary external anal sphincter
42
What are the functions of the liver
secretion: plasma proteins and bile haematological regulation: filters toxins before heart metabolic regulation: monitors metabolite and nutrient levels
43
Outline the anatomy of the liver
left and right lobes connected by falciform ligament round ligament at bottom, remnant of the umbilical vein connects to diaphragm by coronary ligament caudate and quadrate posterior lobes posterior gall bladder porta hepatis where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics are
44
Outline the hepatic portal system of the liver
only drains unpaired organs portal veins: 75% of liver blood, nutrient rich, O2 poor hepatic artery: 25%, nutrient poor, O2 rich mix and enter liver lobule blood collected by central vein to inferior vena cava
45
Outline the gall bladder
concentrates and stores bile from liver takes in bile from common hepatic duct to cystic duct pushes bile out from cystic duct to common bile duct to duodenum
46
Outline the pancreas
posterior to stomach, head in curve of duodenum, tail to spleen endocrine function: produces hormones directly to blood stream exocrine function: production of enzymes to break down carbs, proteins, fats to duodenum parasympathetic activity stimulates juice secretion
47
Explain blood supply of unpaired organs of GI tract
above transverse mesocolon: celiac trunk, branch from aorta supplying intraperitoneal organs below transverse mesocolon: supplied by mesenteric arteries, split into two parts upper right part: superior mesenteric artery lower left part: inferior mesenteric artery
48
what is near the right kidney
liver is superior lateral middle is duodenum inferior is small intestine posterior 11th rib
49
what is near the left kidney
superior is stomach middle is left colic flexure and descending colon inferior is jejunum
50
what layers enclose the kidney
gerotas fascia perinephric fat
51
Outline the internal anatomy of the kidneys
outer cortex extends inwards between medulla pyramids as renal columns inner medulla with tip of pyramid called renal papilla funnel urine into minor calices, major calices, renal pelvis then ureter
52
Outline kidney blood supply
in renal sinus where the renal hilum is on the surface. renal artery > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries (minor calices, pyramids, columns) > arcuate arteries (base of pyramids) > interlobular arteries (like glomerulus) starts with arcuate veins running next to vasa recta, then up the arrows.
53
Explain ANS innervation of kidneys
sympathetic: vasoconstriction parasympathetic: unclear role
54
Outline suprarenal glands
sit on top of kidneys medulla secretes NA and ADR enclosed in renal fascia, thin septum connects to kidneys superior/middle/inferior arteries
55
Outline ureters
25-30 cm fibromuscular tubes 3 constrictions, where kidney stones can lodge and obstruct urine flow uteropelvic junction: close to renal pelvis pelvic inlet intrance to bladder blood supply from renal, gonadal and iliac arteries
56
Outline the bladder
bladder trigone funnels urine into urethra detrusor muscle wall of thick muscle pushes out urine internal urethral sphincter relaxes, external urethral sphincter is voluntary filling of bladder, stretches, triggers receptors in wall activating micturition reflex centre and urination
57
Outline male and female urethra
Males: 18-20 cm long. 4 parts: preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, spongy internal urethral sphincter prevents simultaneous passage of sperm and urine Females: 3-5 cm long. Only from bladder to vestibule, non function internal urethral sphincter
58
Outline the mediastinum
Where the heart, great vessels, aorta, oesophagus and trachea are located Superior mediastinum above sternal angle (sternum and manubrium) Inferior mediastinum broken down into anterior, middle and posterior
59
What is the function of the fibrous skeleton in the interventricular septa
Anchors heart valves Electrical insulation so impulses are timed properly Rigid framework for cardiac muscle tissue

eBMS2011 (14 decks)

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