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Histology > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

What is type I collagen?

A

Most abundant and widely distributed

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2
Q

What is type II collagen?

A

Hyaline and elastic cartilage, fibres thinner than type I

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3
Q

What is type III collagen?

A

Reticular fibres

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4
Q

Where is type IV collagen found?

A

In the basal lamina

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5
Q

What does type IV collagen not form?

A

Fibrils

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6
Q

What type of collagen is found in dense connective tissue?

A

Type I collagen

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7
Q

Where does the basal lamina lie?

A

Between the epithelia and the underlying supporting connective tissue

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8
Q

What does the basal lamina do?

A

Constitutes a selective barrier to the passage of materials between the epithelium and supporting tissue

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9
Q

What is involved in the control of epithelia growth and differentiation coming an impenetrable barrier to downwards epithelial growths?

A

Basal lamina

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10
Q

What is the composition of basement membrane?

A

GAGs (heparin), Type IV collagen and glycoproteins such as fibronectin, laminin and entactin.

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11
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Basal lamina

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12
Q

What does the link protein do?

A

Stabilises the interaction of each proteoglycan with hyaluronan.

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13
Q

Cartilage is what?

A

A semi-ridgid connective tissue consist of scattered cells surrounding by a rather amorphous appearing extracellular matrix

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14
Q

Cartilage is related to?

A

Bone

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15
Q

What is the extracellular matrix in cartilage contain?

A

Fibres (Type II) which provide mechanical stability and GAGs which resist deformation by compression.

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16
Q

Cartilage formations begin with?

A

Differentiation of primitive stellate mesenchymal cells into rounded cartilage precursor cells - chondroblasts.

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17
Q

Most cartilage is devoid of?

A

Blood vessels

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18
Q

The cartilage nutrients are dependent on?

A

Diffusions of metabolites.

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19
Q

What does mesenchyme consist of?

A

Stellate, fusiform cells, reticular fibres and an abundance of ground substance.

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20
Q

What are the cells found in cartilage called?

A

Chondrocytes

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21
Q

Where are the chondrocytes found?

A

In the lacuna

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22
Q

Chondrocyte cary in shape from?

A

Flattened to round

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23
Q

Where are the chondrocytes flattened/round?

A

Flattened round the edge of the cartilage and more round in the centre

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24
Q

The chondrocytes are active cells that?

A

Secrete and maintain the extracellular matrix

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25
What happens if the vascular supply is interrupted around the cartilage?
The cells die, blood vessels invade and the matrix is phagocytksed and replaced by scar tissue.
26
ECM is the most common form of?
Cartilage
27
The specific common form of cartilage is?
Hyaline
28
Extracellular matrix in cartilage is made up of?
75% water and 25% organic material - 60% is Type II collagen and 40% is proteoglycan aggregates.
29
What does the chondronectin glycoprotein do?
Promotes the adherence of chondrocytes to the matrix collagen
30
What is the area called that is directly around the chondrocytes that is particularly high in proteoglycans and typically stains more intensely?
Territorial matrix
31
What is the matrix that is at a distance from cells that has fewer proteoglycans and stains less intensely called?
Interterritorial matrix
32
Cartilage is surrounded by what connective tissue?
Perichondrium
33
What are the layers of the perichondrium?
An outer fibrous layer of dense connective tissue and associated fibroblasts which provide support An inner chondrogenic layer which provides new chondroblasts to the adjacent cartilage.
34
The perichondrium contains?
Blood vessels which supply nutrients to the cartilage by diffusion.
35
Growth of cartilage occurs via?
Appositional growth at the edge and interstitial growth within the matrix
36
What are the types of cartilage?
Hyaline, Elastic and fibrocartilage
37
What is hyalin cartilage?
Grossly, it is blue white in colour and translucent. It is the most common
38
What is elastic cartilage?
Grossly, it is light yellow in colour. The addition of elastic fibres makes it flexible
39
Fibrocartilage is found?
Hybrid between tendon and hyaline cartilage
40
What type of collagen is present in fibrocartilage?
Type I collage
41
What colour is found in fibrocartilage?
White
42
Examples of where hyaline cartilage is found?
Articular surfaces, tracheal rings, costal cartilages, epiphyseal growth plates and precursor in foetus to many bones
43
The gap between the articular cartilages are?
Artificial
44
Elastic cartilage is more cellular than?
Hyalin cartilage
45
Examples of where elastic cartilage is found?
Pinna of the ear, Epiglottis and auditory tube
46
What cartilage is a mixture of dense regular connective tissue and islands of cartilage cells and matrix?
Fibrocartilage
47
What is the mix of type of collagen in fibrocartilage?
Type I and Type II
48
Examples of where fibrocartilage is found?
Intervertebral disc, where tendon inserts into bone and pubic synthesis.
49
Characteristics of cartilage?
Deformable, permeable, growth is appositional and interstitial, cells nourished by diffusion through matrix
50
Characteristics of bone?
Rigid, not permeable, growth is appositional only, cells within the bone must be nourished by blood vessels that provide the matrix
51
Functions of bone?
Support, Levers for effective movement, Protection of internal organs, a calcium store and haemopoiesis.
52
What causes the balance of calcium to be shifted?
Loss of oestrogen will cause demineralisation and thinning of bone
53
What is the word used for the thinning of bone?
Osteoporosis
54
Haemopoiesis begins in?
The bone marrow
55
What are the two types of bone?
Cortical bone and cancellous bone
56
Cortical bone
Compacted outer shell that makes up the shaft (diaphysis)
57
Cancellous bone
Occupies the ends of the bone and is a fine network of bone
58
What does bone undergo throughout life?
Remodelling
59
Bone is penetrated by?
Small canals for blood vessels and nerves and containing living cells called osteocytes
60
What are the spaces in bone called?
Marrow cavities
61
What makes up the outside of the bone?
A fibrous connective tissue sheath called the periosteum.
62
Cancellous bone has what structures?
Osteocytes and lamellar but haversian canals are uncommon.
63
How can the osteocytes survive in cancellous bone?
Because the struts are thin
64
What is the outer circumferential lamellae?
Lamellae that run around the bone
65
What are the bone cells?
Osteoprogenitor cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes and Osteoclasts.
66
Where are the osteoprogenitor cells located?
Bone surfaces. E.g. Under the periosteum
67
What do the osteoprogenitor cells do?
Serve as pool of reserve osteoblasts
68
Where are the osteoblasts cells located?
On the surface of the developing bone
69
What are the contents of the osteoblast cells?
RER and prominent mitochondria
70
What are the osteocytes?
A bone cell trapped within the bone matrix
71
What are the osteoclasts?
They are large multinucleated cells
72
Where are the osteoclasts located?
On the surface of the bone
73
What is the osteoclasts function?
Bone resorption
74
The mineral of bone is made up of?
Calcium phosphate crystals
75
What does the osteoblast secrete?
Collagen, GAGs, proteoglycans and other organs components of the matrix which is the osteoid
76
The osteoid has an affinity for?
Ca
77
What do the mineral salts growing on the matrix serve as?
Nuclei for spontaneous accumulation of further mineral salts from the local environment
78
What happens to the lamellar bone when there is a break?
The lamellar bone is laid in a haphazard fashion rather than the collagen fibres orientate all in one direction
79
What is the type of bone called when there is a break?
Woven bone
80
Characteristics of woven bone?
It is not as strong as lamellar bone and is remodelled into lamellar bone by being broken down by osteoclasts and reformed by new osteoblasts
81
What is the osteoclast derived from?
Macrophage lineage of cells
82
What happens when bone is remodelling?
A number of osteoclasts will congregate and begin to 'drill' into the bone, forming a tunnel.
83
What grows into the tunnel during remodelling?
A blood vessel bringing with it osteoblasts
84
What lines the tunnel during remodelling and lays down new lamellar bone?
Osteoblasts
85
When does the tunnel remodelling stop?
When only the space of the haversian canal remains
86
What is the site called that is the collection of osteoclasts and osteoblast in remodelling?
Basic multicellular unit (BMU)
87
What are the lines that are surrounding the osteon?
Cement lines
88
The cement lines can only be seen in osteons that have undergone?
Remodelling
89
What is interstitial lamellae?
Lamellae between osteons that are the remnant of old osteons
90
What happens at the centres of ossification?
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and begin to synthesise and secrete osteoid
91
Woven bone becomes?
Lamellar bone
92
What are the ossifications called that jut upwards on the skull?
Eminences
93
Examples of bone produced by enchondral ossification?
Most long bones, Base of the skull, the medial and lateral ends of the clavicle
94
What affect does calcitonin have on bone?
Inhibits bone destruction
95
What hormone promotes destruction of bone?
Parathyroid hormone
96
When does bone destruction increase?
When oestrogen falls in menopause
97
How does Pagets disease occur?
In erosion of bone because of uncontrolled osteoclast activity
98
What is the osteomalacia disease?
The failure of the osteoid to mineralise. Caused by insufficient dietary intake of calcium or renal dysfunction

Histology (10 decks)

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