Liver, Pancreas and Gall Bladder

Question 1

What does the liver and pancreas grow as in the gut?

Answer 1

An outgrowth

Question 2

What is the parenchyma of the liver and pancreas composed of?

Answer 2

Glandular epithelial cells

Question 3

Functions of the liver?

Answer 3

Oxidise triglycerides to produce energy, Synthesize plasma lipoproteins, cholesterol and plasma proteins. Detoxification of metabolic waste products, toxins and drugs

Question 4

What is the liver covered by?

Answer 4

A collagenous connective tissue capsule, covered by mesothelial cells derived from the peritoneum

Question 5

What is the liver made up of?

Answer 5

Lobules

Question 6

The liver has a branch of which vein?

Answer 6

Hepatic vein called the centrolobular vein

Question 7

What are the portal triads?

Answer 7

Branches of the vessels which enter at the porta hepatis, the portal vein and the hepatic artery. Also the branch that leaves the porta hepatis is the bile duct

Question 8

What is the bile duct lines with?

Answer 8

Simple cuboidal cells called cholangiocytes

Question 9

What is also included in the tracts?

Answer 9

Lymphatic vessels

Question 10

What are the main cells of the liver?

Answer 10

Hepatocytes

Question 11

What is the function of hepatocytes?

Answer 11

Have spaces in between for blood to flow through called sinusoids

Question 12

What are the sinusoids lined with?

Answer 12

Endothelial cells

Question 13

What is the space called between the sinusoids and the hepatocytes?

Answer 13

Space of disse

Question 14

What type of collagen is found in the space of disse?

Answer 14

Type I

Question 15

Where are hepatic stellate cells found?

Answer 15

Scattered in the space of disse

Question 16

What are hepatic stellate cells?

Answer 16

Modified fibroblasts and make connective tissue

Question 17

What do the hepatic stellate cells contain?

Answer 17

Vitamine A within fat droplets in their cytoplasm

Question 18

In some pathological conditions what does the hepatic stellate cells transform into?

Answer 18

Myofibroblasts and produce scar tissue in the liver

Question 19

What are scattered within the sinusoids?

Answer 19

Resident macrophages called Kupffer cells

Question 20

What is the function of Kupffer cells?

Answer 20

Remove particulate matter from the blood and help remove worn out red blood cells

Question 21

What are the contents in bile?

Answer 21

water, ions, phospholipids, bilirubin and bile salts

Question 22

What is bilirubin?

Answer 22

It is a pigment which results from the breakdown of haemoglobin in the spleen and causes the brown colour of faeces.

Question 23

What are the bile salts necessary for in bile?

Answer 23

Emulsification of fats in the digestive tracts

Question 24

What do all hepatocytes produce?

Answer 24

Bile

Question 25

How does bile flow?

Answer 25

Via bile canaliculi towards the bile ducts in the portal tacts and then to hepatic ducts

Question 26

What are the bile canaliculi?

Answer 26

Small channels formed by tight junction in the cell membranes of adjacent hepatocytes.

Question 27

What is the gall bladder?

Answer 27

A muscular sac

Question 28

What is the gall bladder lined with?

Answer 28

Simple columnar epithelium with a brush border

Question 29

What does the gall bladder store?

Answer 29

Bile

Question 30

What is folded in the gall bladder when it is empty?

Answer 30

Mucosa

Question 31

How does the gall bladder remove bile from the liver?

Answer 31

By actively pumping Na and Cl ions from the bile into the spaces between adjacent epithelial cells

Question 32

Why does water follow when bile is removed from the liver?

Answer 32

Increase in osmotic pressure in the spaces and therefore carried away by lymphatic vessels

Question 33

The gall bladder is stimulated to?

Answer 33

Contract and deliver bile to the duodenum

Question 34

What is cholecystitis?

Answer 34

Inflammation of the gall bladder

Question 35

What glands does the pancreas have?

Answer 35

Endocrine and Exocrine glands

Question 36

What does the endocrine glands consist of?

Answer 36

Scattered islands of tissue called islets of langerhans

Question 37

What hormones are produced in endocrine glands?

Answer 37

Insulin and glucagon

Question 38

Why are the cells basophilic in exocrine glands?

Answer 38

They contain large amounts of RER

Question 39

What are the enzymes produced in the exocrine glands of the pancreas?

Answer 39

Proenzymes

Question 40

Why is the apical part of the pancreas eosinophilic in the pancreas?

Answer 40

The presence of zymogen granules

Question 41

What are the duct cells found in the acini?

Answer 41

Centroacinar cells

Question 42

The main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct and open the duodenum on a papillae called?

Answer 42

The hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 43

What cells stain less intensely than the exocrine glands?

Answer 43

Islets cells