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Soft Connective Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is connective tissue unusual to other major tissues?

A

It consists of cells embedded in large quantities of extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A

Protein fibres, amorphous ground substance and tissue fluid

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3
Q

Functions of connective tissue?

A

Space filler and mechanical support, Attachment and protection, highways for nutrients, main fat story and calcium store and site of many immunological defence reactions

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4
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue?

A

Soft connective tissue, hard connective tissue and blood and lymph

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5
Q

Where is soft tissue found?

A

Tendons, ligaments, mesentery, storm of organs and dermis of the skin

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6
Q

Where is hard tissue found?

A

Bone and cartilage

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7
Q

What are the resident cells of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts, adipose cells, osteocytes and chondrocytes

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8
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Cells of bone

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9
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cells of cartilage

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10
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Elongated cells with tapered ends that are widely distributed

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11
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

Produce and maintain the extracellular matrix

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12
Q

What effect does tissue damage have on fibroblasts?

A

Proliferate

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13
Q

What are fibroblasts important in?

A

Wound repair

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14
Q

What are fibroblasts responsible for?

A

Synthesis of collagen, elastic and reticular fibres and the complex carbohydrates of the ground substance

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15
Q

What is the structure of an adipose cell?

A

Single giant fat droplet

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16
Q

What do adipose cells release and where to?

A

Fatty acid into the bloodstream to provide energy for other cells.

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17
Q

Where are adipocytes found?

A

Scattered in many connective tissues

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18
Q

What type of cells are the predominant cells of adipose tissue?

A

Adipocytes

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19
Q

Adipocytes are also called?

A

White fat or unilocular fat

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20
Q

Where is brown fat found?

A

Foetus and neonate

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21
Q

What do cells in brown fat contain?

A

Many small fat droplet and numerous mitochondria

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22
Q

When brown fat is oxidised what occurs?

A

A large amount of heat is produced known as non-shivering thermogenesis

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23
Q

What is another name for brown fat?

A

Multiocular fat

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24
Q

Adipose tissue characteristics?

A

Largest store of energy in the body, continuous state of turnover and is sensitive to both hormonal and nervous stimuli

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25
What layer of adipose tissue helps to shape the body?
Subcutaneous layer
26
Intermediate cell found during wound healing?
Myofibroblast
27
What actions does the myofibroblast carry out during wound repair?
Cause wound contraction by producing collagen fibres and tugging on them to draw together the wound margins
28
What are the immigrant cells?
Leukocytes and mast cells
29
What are the types of Leukocytes found in connective tissue?
Lymhocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes and macrophages
30
Leukocytes are?
White blood cells
31
Where do the leukocytes migrate from?
The blood stream
32
What causes an increase in leukocytes?
Inflammation or infection
33
Where do mast cells originate from?
A type of leukocyte
34
Mast cells contain?
Granules of hers-in, histamine and substances that stimulate inflammation and attract white blood cells.
35
What is responsible for the symptoms of an allergic reaction?
Histamine
36
What type of leukocyte leaves the blood stream in response to infection?
Neutrophils
37
What type of leukocyte is found in increased number during allergic reactions and parasitic diseases?
Eosinophils
38
What transient cell is found in connective tissue?
Macrophages
39
Characteristics of macrophages?
Derived from monocytes in the bone marrow, monocytes transform into macrophages in the connective tissue, proliferate locally, are phagocytic cells and have a body wide distribution
40
What does the presence of histamine cause?
Increases the permeability of small blood vessels and in airways, cause increased mucous production and smooth muscle contraction.
41
Mast cells are sensitive to?
Foreign proteins and so they rapidly release their content when they are detected.
42
What are the cells that react in hay fever and asthma?
Mast cells
43
What cell is also called a basophil?
Leukocyte
44
What are the smallest cells present in connective tissue called?
Lymphocytes
45
Lymphocytes appear as?
A small nucleus with almost no cytoplasm surround it
46
Where are large number of lymphocytes found?
The gut
47
What do B lymphocytes give rise to?
Plasma cells
48
Where are the plasma cells found?
Site of infection
49
Composition of plasma cells?
Large oval cells rich in rER and a basophilic cytoplasm
50
What are plasma cells responsible for?
Synthese of antibodies found in the blood stream
51
What actions are caused by plasma cells?
Neutralise harmful antigens, render toxins harmless, promote phagocytosis and protect the body from micro-organisms.
52
What are the fibres of the extracellular matrix made of?
Collage reticular and elastic fibres.
53
What is ground substance?
An amorphous space occupying material
54
What is ground substance made of?
Unbranched polysaccharide molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), most of which are bound to protein cores to form glycoproteins.
55
What abundant proteins consists of 30-40% in the body?
Collagen
56
Where is collagen synthesised?
In the fibroblasts
57
What is collagen formed from?
Three polypeptide chains
58
Characteristics of collagen?
Inelastic, most common form is type I which has tensile strength similar to mild steel, making a tissue that is flexible and strong
59
Reticular fibres are?
Thin fibres made of Type III collagen that form a support network
60
In which organs can you find reticular fibres?
Liver, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow
61
What fibres provide elasticity to tissue?
Elastic fibres
62
What are elastic fibres made from?
Elastin protein and microfibril fibrillar which forms coils.
63
What results from cross links between elastin molecules?
An elastic array of fibres
64
Where are elastic fibres found?
In blood vessels providing elastic support and giving them recoil
65
Characteristics of GAGs?
Linear polysaccharides bound covalently to a protein core, coming a proteoglycan molecule Intensely hydrophilic due to presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl and sulphate groups Trap water so are resistant to compression
66
What do GAGs provide for the extracellular matrix?
Turgor and determine the diffusion of substances through the matrix
67
Functions of structural glycoproteins?
Bind molecules on the surface of cells as well as extracellular matrix components so establish structural continuity between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
68
Most common glycoprotein?
Fibronectin, laminin and chondronectin
69
Function of fibronectin?
Bind ECM to ECM
70
Where is laminin found?
Basal Lamina
71
Where is chondronectin found?
In cartilage
72
What type of connective tissue is mesenchyme?
Embryonic connective tissue
73
Mesenchyme differentiates into cells that?
Become fibroblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteocytes
74
What is loose connective tissue?
Loosely packed fibres separated by abundant ground substance
75
Examples of where loosed connective tissue is found?
Mesentery, Adipose tissue and storm of many organs
76
What is loose connective tissue also known as?
Areolar tissue
77
What is dense connective tissue?
Densely packed bundles of collagen fibres.
78
What are the different types of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular and dense irregular
79
Example of dense regular?
Tendon
80
Example of dense irregular?
Dermis of the skin
81
Dense regular connective tissue?
Densely packed aligned collagen fibres
82
Dense irregular connective tissue?
Densely packed collagen fibres that run in many directions

Histology (10 decks)

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