Nervous System

Question 1

Functions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Allows rapid communication between widely spread parts of the body by neurons which gather and process information and generate an appropriate response.

Question 2

How do neurons receive information?

Answer 2

Synapses

Question 3

What are the 4 types of glial cells?

Answer 3

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia and Ependymal cells

Question 4

What are the roles of the astrocytes cells?

Answer 4

Support, maintaining the blood-brain barrier, environmental homeostasis.

Question 5

Is there connective tissue in the CNS?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

What do the Astrocytes have a large number of in their cytoplasms?

Answer 6

Intermediate filaments

Question 7

What do oligodendrocyte cells do?

Answer 7

Produce myelin in the CNS not in the PNS

Question 8

What colour are the oligodendrocytes stained?

Answer 8

Brown

Question 9

Function of the microglia cells?

Answer 9

Immune monitoring and antigen presentation

Question 10

What are the ependymal cells?

Answer 10

Cuboidal/columnar epithelium that lines the cavities in the CNS such as the ventricles

Question 11

What are the ventricles in the brain filled with?

Answer 11

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 12

Characteristics of the neuron?

Answer 12

A cell body (containing the nucleus and most of the cell organelles).
An axon (often stretching for long distances which is responsible for transmitting data from the neutron to other cells)
Dendrites (which increases the surface area available for connections from axons of other neurons
Synapses ( between axons and other cells to allow communication)

Question 13

Three types of neurones?

Answer 13

Multipolar, bipolar and pseudounipolar

Question 14

What is multipolar neurones?

Answer 14

Many dendrites and one axon

Question 15

What is bipolar neurones?

Answer 15

One dendrite and one axon

Question 16

What is pseudounipolar neurones?

Answer 16

Short processes give rise to axon in both directions

Question 17

Where does an axon form from?

Answer 17

A swelling in the soma called the axon hillock

Question 18

Why is the axon hillock important?

Answer 18

Because action potentials arise here

Question 19

What forms the spinal cord?

Answer 19

Three large nerve cells

Question 20

There is an abundant RER, free polyribosomes and golgi apparatus in the body but not in?

Answer 20

The axon

Question 21

What makes up the cytoskeleton?

Answer 21

Microtubules, Neurofilaments and microfilaments

Question 22

Where are microfilaments found?

Answer 22

In the tips of growing axons

Question 23

What is the axonal transport?

Answer 23

Energy consuming mechanism to move material up and down the axon

Question 24

How does the axonal transport work?

Answer 24

Kinesin uses microtubules as a sort of railway track to haul attached organelles such as vesicles.

Question 25

What does the PNS consist of?

Answer 25

Nerves and ganglia including elements of both somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Question 26

What is a ganglia composed of?

Answer 26

Neuron cell bodies (large with abundant cytoplasm and large nuclei), support cells such as satellite and schwann cells (these surround the neuronal body), axons, loose fibrocartillagenous connective tissue and two types of nerve ganglia (dorsal root ganglia and autonomic ganglia)

Question 27

What is a nerve?

Answer 27

A collection of axons linked together by support tissue into an automatically defined trunk

Question 28

A peripheral nerve is composed of?

Answer 28

Axons, Schwann cells, fibroblasts and blood vessels

Question 29

Peripheral nerves often contain bundles of axons referred to as?

Answer 29

A fascicle

Question 30

What are the connective tissue sheaths around a peripheral nerve?

Answer 30

Epineurium, Perineurium and Endoneurium

Question 31

What surrounds the whole peripheral nerve?

Answer 31

Epinerurium

Question 32

What surrounds a fascicle in a peripheral nerve?

Answer 32

Perineurium

Question 33

What surrounds fibres within the fascicle in a peripheral nerve?

Answer 33

Endoneurium

Question 34

What does unmyelinated mean?

Answer 34

No sheath

Question 35

What does myelinated mean?

Answer 35

Sheath present

Question 36

Axons can either be?

Answer 36

Myelinated or unmyelinated

Question 37

Where are unmyelinated axons found?

Answer 37

In the clefts in the cell membranes of Schwann cells

Question 38

What are the myelin sheaths formed by?

Answer 38

Schwann cells

Question 39

Each schwann cell only makes a myelin sheath around?

Answer 39

A single axon

Question 40

In the CNS what forms the myelin sheaths?

Answer 40

Oligodendrocytes

Question 41

The gaps between the segment of myelin along the axon are called?

Answer 41

Nodes of ranvier

Question 42

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 42

Is when action potentials jump rapidly along the axon of one node off ranvier to the next which increases speed of conduction

Question 43

What do the vesicles in the end of the axons contain?

Answer 43

Neurotransmitters