Circulatory System

Question 1

What are the two systems within the circulatory system?

Answer 1

The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic vascular system

Question 2

What is the cardiovascular system?

Answer 2

A close system consisting of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins

Question 3

Functions of the circulatory system?

Answer 3

Transport of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.
Transports of CO2 and other metabolic waste from tissues.
Temperature regulation
Distribution of hormones and immune cells
Reproductive function in male

Question 4

Percentage of periphery arteries in the system?

Answer 4

10%

Question 5

Percentage of capillaries in the system?

Answer 5

5%

Question 6

Percentage of heart and lungs in the system?

Answer 6

20%

Question 7

Percentage of peripheral veins in the system?

Answer 7

65%

Question 8

What are the three layers to the blood vessels?

Answer 8

Inner, middle and outer layer

Question 9

What is the inner layer of the blood vessels?

Answer 9

Tunica initima - squamous epithelial cells termed endothelial cells.

Question 10

What is the middle later of the blood vessels?

Answer 10

Tunica media - made of smooth muscle

Question 11

What is the outer layer of the blood vessels?

Answer 11

Tunica adventitia - made of supporting connective tissue

Question 12

What is the tunica intima separated from?

Answer 12

The tunica media by a layer of elastic tissue called internal elastic membrane

Question 13

What is the tunica media separated from?

Answer 13

The tunica adventitia by the external elastic membrane

Question 14

What are the largest arteries termed?

Answer 14

Elastic arteries

Question 15

Why are the elastic arteries the largest?

Answer 15

They have sheets of elastic fibres in their tunica media to provide elastic recoil

Question 16

In large vessels, what part can only obtain nutrients?

Answer 16

The lumen

Question 17

What are the large vessels artery supply called?

Answer 17

Vasa vasonum

Question 18

What layers are in the arterioles?

Answer 18

One or two layers of smooth muscle in tunica media and almost no adventita

Question 19

Function of arterioles?

Answer 19

To control blood flow in the tissue

Question 20

What are capillaries composed of?

Answer 20

Endothelial cells and a basal lamina

Question 21

What may capillaries have?

Answer 21

Pericytes outside the basal lamina

Question 22

What are pericytes?

Answer 22

Connective tissue cells that have contractile properties

Question 23

Where are the continuous capillaries found?

Answer 23

Muscle, connective tissue, lung and skin

Question 24

Where are the fenestrated capillaries found?

Answer 24

Mucosa of the gut, endocrine glands and glomeruli of the kidney

Question 25

Where are the sinusoidal or discontinuous capillaries found?

Answer 25

Liver, spleen and bone marrow

Question 26

What does the sinusoidal or discontinuous capillary lack?

Answer 26

Basal lamina

Question 27

What do small capillaries connect to?

Answer 27

A post capillary venule through a network made of metarterioles

Question 28

What helps control blood flow throughout the microvascular network?

Answer 28

Precapillary sphincters

Question 29

Where do capillaries drain?

Answer 29

Into postcapillary venules

Question 30

When is the vessel referred to as a venule?

Answer 30

When it acquires intermittent smooth muscle cells in the tunica media

Question 31

What is the difference in tunica media in a vein and artery

Answer 31

In the vein it is thinner

Question 32

What do the largest veins have?

Answer 32

A thick tunica adventitia

Question 33

Function of the veins?

Answer 33

Flexible and can accommodate expansion and contains most of the blood in the body

Question 34

What do most small to medium sized veins have?

Answer 34

Valves that are inward extensions of the tunica intima

Question 35

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 35

Endocardium (inner layer), Myocardium (middle layer) and Epicardium (outer layer)

Question 36

What does the epicardium line in the heart?

Answer 36

The inner surface including the valves

Question 37

What is the structure of the Epicardium?

Answer 37

Endothelium, basal lamina, thin layers of collage fibres, layer of denser connective tissue, in some areas there ais also a subendocardium

Question 38

Where are purkinji fibres found?

Answer 38

In the subendocardium

Question 39

What is the nucleus like in the cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 39

Single nucleus (sometimes two)

Question 40

What is passing across the fibres are irregular intervals in the myocardium?

Answer 40

Intercalated discs

Question 41

What is the structure of the myocardium in the heart?

Answer 41

Bindles of layers of connective tissue and contractile cardiac muscle fibres, individual muscle fibres are surrounded by connective tissue with a network of capillaries.

Question 42

What is the function of the intercalated disc?

Answer 42

Allows spread of electrical activity

Question 43

What epithelium covers the Epicardium?

Answer 43

Mesothelium

Question 44

What connective tissue is found in the Epicardium of the heart?

Answer 44

Fibroelastic and adipose tisse

Question 45

What are the coronary vessels embedded in, in the epicardium?

Answer 45

Adipose tissue

Question 46

What are the two parts of the pericardium?

Answer 46

Fibrous and serous

Question 47

What is the fibrous part of the pericardium?

Answer 47

Is is a sac of tough fibrocollagenous connective tissue

Question 48

What is the serous pericardium made of?

Answer 48

A layer of simple squamous epithelium

Question 49

What does the serous pericardium line?

Answer 49

The inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

Question 50

What separates the two mesothelial layers in the pericardium?

Answer 50

Pericardial cavity

Question 51

What is the pericardial cavity function?

Answer 51

Secretes pericardial fluid that provides lubrication for movement of the heart

Question 52

What forms the fibrous skeleton?

Answer 52

Thick bands of fibrous connective tissue around heart valves between atria and ventricles

Question 53

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton?

Answer 53

Support the valves and provide the attachments for the cardiac muscle fibres

Question 54

What layer is on the outer surface of the heart valves?

Answer 54

Endothelial layer with basal lamina

Question 55

What does the layer of the heart valve contain?

Answer 55

Collage and elastic fibres

Question 56

What is the core of dense connective tissue called?

Answer 56

Lamina fibrosa

Question 57

What are the leaflets of the valves separating the atria and ventricles anchored by?

Answer 57

Papillary muscles

Question 58

What merges with the lamina fibrosa?

Answer 58

Chordae tendineae

Question 59

Where are there no blood vessels found?

Answer 59

In the valves

Question 60

What are the three types of cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 60

Contractile cells, pacemaker cells and conducting cells

Question 61

What cells are smaller than the contractile muscle cells?

Answer 61

Pacemaker cells

Question 62

How do pacemaker cells appear?

Answer 62

Pale because of the paucity of organelles within them

Question 63

What do the pacemaker cells consist of?

Answer 63

Few myofibrils, little glycogen and no t-tubule system

Question 64

At the junction of the atria and ventricles, the depolarisation is picked up by?

Answer 64

The atria-ventricular node

Question 65

What produces left and right bundle branches as it descends?

Answer 65

Atrioventricular bundle

Question 66

What is the main function of the fibrous skeleton?

Answer 66

Electrically isolating the atria from the ventricles

Question 67

What are larger than cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 67

Purkinje fibres

Question 68

How do the purkinji fibres appear?

Answer 68

Pale and often exhibit a very pale/clear centre

Question 69

What do the purkinji fibres distribute?

Answer 69

Excitatory activity

Question 70

What does the lymphatic vascular system consist of?

Answer 70

Lymphatic vessels that drain tissue fluid, eventually returning it to the veins in the base of the neck

Question 71

What does the lymphatic vascular system drain?

Answer 71

Excess interstitial fluid into the blood stream

Question 72

What does interstitial fluid contain?

Answer 72

Ions, lipids, proteins and cells

Question 73

Where does the interstitial fluid return to?

Answer 73

Venous vessels but also a portion returns to the circulatory system by entering lymphatic vessels