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Bone cells Flashcards

1
Q

True or false; bone is another type of connective tissue but is harder and less flexible than cartilage

A

true

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2
Q

What are the 4 main functions of bone

A

Structural support
Levers for muscle
Protect organs/house bone marrow
Metabolic reserve for minerals

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3
Q

65% of the dry weight of bone comes from where?

A

inorganic matrix

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4
Q

What makes up the inorganic matrix of bone

A

(minerals)
Hydroxyapatite crystals
calcium phosphate
other minerals

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5
Q

35% of the dry weight of bone comes from where?

A

organic matrix

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6
Q

80-90% of the organic matrix is made of what?

A

Collagen (primarily type 1)

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7
Q

True or false; the organic part of bone has a highly organize fiber arrangement

A

true

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8
Q

What are the 3 parts of the organic matrix of bone

A

Collagen (primarily type 1)
GAGs
Glycoproteins

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of GAGs in the organic matrix of bone

A

Sulfated (more numerous) - chondroitin and keratin

Non-sulfated - Hyaluronic acid

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10
Q

What are binding proteins

A

proteins that bind minerals to collagen

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11
Q

True or false; vitamin D stimulates arrangement of minerals

A

true

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12
Q

True or false; there is a higher amount of organic matrix in adult bone compared to children

A

false; more in children (aka more flexible - greenstick fractures)

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13
Q

True or false; the arrangement of bone is more random in childhood and increases uniformity as we age

A

true

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14
Q

Are osteoprogentic cells mitotic?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What is the function of osteoprogenic cells? What are their appearance?

A

change into osteoblast

flat

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16
Q

What is the location of osteoprogenitor cells? What are they derived from?

A

Located in endosteum and periosteum

Derived mainly from mesenchyme, but sometimes chondrogenic

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17
Q

What are the appearance of osteoblast? Where are they located?

A

Cuboid to columnar

Endosteum and periosteum

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18
Q

What are osteoblast derived from? What are their functions?

A

Derived from osteoprogenitor

Produce osteoid, materials (matrix vessicles) - initiates calcification of newly produced boney matrix
And respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone)

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19
Q

Are osteoblast mitotic?

A

No

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20
Q

What response do osteoblast have to PTH (parathyroid hormone)

A

Secrete factor that creates more osteoclasts

Produce enzymes to condition bone for osteoclast activity

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21
Q

What is the appearance of osteocytes

A

conforms to lacuna

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22
Q

What is the location of osteocytes? What are they derived from?

A

Surrounded by bony matrix

Derived from osteoblast

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23
Q

What are the functions of osteocytes

A

Maintain and monitor bony matrix

Release factors to influence osteoblast activity, and cause creation of more osteoclasts

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24
Q

Are osteocytes mitotic?

A

NO

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25
What is the appearance and location of bone-lining cells? What are they derived from?
Flat Endosteum and periosteum Usually from osteoblast, sometimes osteocytes
26
What is the function of bone-lining cells
to wait and become osteoblast when needed
27
Are bone-lining cells mitotic?
NO
28
What is the appearance and location of osteoclasts? What are they derived from?
Large and multinucleated Endosteum and periosteum Pre-osteoclast from bone marrow; related to monocytes
29
What is the function of osteoclasts
reabsorb bone (highly specialized)
30
Where does the mechanism of bone reabsorption take place?
Subosteoclastic compartment
31
True or false; an increase in osteoclast activity is associated with a drop in pH in the area
true, this is due to an increase in carbonic acid which is used to dissolve the inorganic matrix of bone
32
How is the organic matrix of bone broken down?
by lysosomal enzymes
33
What are the 2 main hormones effecting osteoclast activity? What do they cause?
PTH (parathyroid hormone) - has an indirect influence on osteoclast by causing release of osteoclast stimulating factor (increasing activity) Calcitonin - decreasing activity
34
Are osteoblast directly or indirectly influenced by PTH? What about osteoclasts
``` Osteoblast = direct Osteoclast = indirect ```
35
What are the 2 types of bone?
Primary (immature bone) - woven | Secondary (mature) - lamellar
36
Where would you expect to find primary bone (immature woven)?
Found in fetal development and bone repair
37
True or false; Primary bone (immature - woven) have many osteocytes, low minerals and more random collagen 1
true
38
True or false; bone cells are connected by gap junctions
true (exchange material, transfer nutrients)
39
True or false; compact bone have lamellae with no enlarged vascular channels
true
40
Which circumferential lamellae is considered periosteal lamellae, is often associated with sharpey's fibers
Outer circumferential lamellae
41
Inner circumferential lamellae or Endosteal lamellae are associated with what?
newer bone next to cancellous bone and marrow cavity
42
Haversian systems or osteons are composted of what?
Osteocytes in lacunae lamellae (rings of bone created by osteoblasts) Canaliculi (tiny channels with osteocyte cell processes) Central (Haversian) Canal Volkmann's Canals (connected adjacent osteons)
43
Cancellous bone is also called what?
Trabeculae or spongy
44
True or false; trabeculae are always aligned
false; align with stress
45
Are trabeculae vascular?
yes, very
46
Does cancellous bone or spongy bone have osteon structure
typically no
47
True or false; Fibrous periosteum contains a lot of collagen type 1
true
48
What is the function of fibrous pericardium
carry blood vessels and nerves (parasym, symp, and sensory)
49
Osteogenic periosteum has how many layers of cells?
Single layer
50
What is the function of osteogenic periosteum
remodeling, growth and healing
51
________ is a single layer of cells that line internal bone surfaces
Endosteum
52
True or false; endosteum is found in lacuna
false; not found in lacuna or canaliculi
53
In intramembranous ossification what is the sequential sequence in development
Mesenchyme cells-osteoprogenitor-osteoblast-secrete matrix-osteocyte
54
Vascular mesenchyme between trabeculae/osteons can develop into what?
bone marrow and endosteum
55
True or false; most long and short bones ossify via endochondral ossification
true
56
True or false; chondrogenic cells can become osteoprogenitor cells in endochondral ossification
true
57
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid just inside the periosteum which will form what
periosteal collar = subperiosteal collar
58
Diaphysis = what?
Shaft
59
Epiphysis = what?
End
60
Metaphysis = what?
area of transition between epiphyseal growth plate and diaphysis
61
True or false; bone growth advances away from growth plate
false; it advances toward growth plate
62
Cartilage continues to grow within epiphysis by ______
interstitial growth
63
True or false; cartilage grows via interstitial growth because no perichondrium
true
64
Appositional growth is associated with
perichondrium
65
True or false; secondary centers of ossification result in bone length
false; think rings of a tree
66
What does an increase in bone length result from
bone metaphysis growing toward epiphysis as cartilage in epiphyseal growth plate continues to develop (grow)
67
What controls bone growth
HGH, thyroid hormones, sex hormones
68
Cancellous bone remodeling is influenced by..
bone marrow cells
69
What does somatotropin (HGH) stimulate in bone growth? What happens if low
Stimulates osteoblasts and fibroblast formation lower bone density
70
Scurvey which is Vit C deficiency affects collagen 1 how?
Reduce bony matrix and bone development delay healing
71
Rickets (vit D deficiency) in children causes what in regards to Ca absorption
decreases
72
What is osteomalacia
Prolonged vit D deficiency in adults (new formed bone doesn't ossify)
73
What are the primary cells involved in osteoporosis
osteoblast and osteoclasts
74
What are 3 signs of osteoporosis
curvature of spine (kyphosis) severe back pain decrease height
75
What are 2 types of osteoporosis
postmenopausal and age related
76
What is postmenopausal osteoporosis caused by
decreased estrogen
77
Age related osteoporosis is due to what?
decreased somatotropin (HGH)
78
Reducing osteoclast/osteoblast lifespan Activating osteoblast to secrete osteoid Slow bone remodeling are all associated with what?
smoking and alcohol abuse

Organ histology (10 decks)

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