Circulatory Cells

Question 1

True or false; the circulatory system consists of the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

Answer 1

true; (Broken into 3 parts heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels)

Question 2

Is the endocardium of the heart thick or thin?

Answer 2

fairly thin

Question 3

How many layers does the endocardium of the heart have? What are their names?

Answer 3

4: Endothelium, Looser Ct. layer & Dense regular Ct. layer (together make sub-endothelium), Sub-endocardial layer

Question 4

The endothelium of the endocardium is made of what kind of cells

Answer 4

simple squamous

Question 5

The looser Ct. layer of the endocardium is made of what kind of Ct.?

Answer 5

fibroelastic Ct.

Question 6

The dense regular Ct. layer of the endocardium is composed of what 3 things?

Answer 6

Collagen 1, elastic fibers, some smooth muscle

Question 7

True or false; most of the sub-endocardial layer of the endocardium is purkinje fibers (specialized cardiac myocytes)

Answer 7

true

Question 8

Would you find blood vessels and nerves in the sub-endocardial layer of the endocardium?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

What is the function of the purkinje fibers in the sub-endothelial layer of the endocardium

Answer 9

transmit contraction impulse rapidly (attached via gap junctions)

Question 10

True or false; the ventricle of the myocardium has less cardiac muscle then atria and is full of elastic fibers

Answer 10

false; other way around

Question 11

What would you find in the longitudinal portion of an intercalated disc?

Answer 11

Large gap junctions (massive ion flow)

Question 12

True or false; the transverse portion of an intercalated disc has macula adherents (desmosomes), fascia adherents, and small gap junctions

Answer 12

true

Question 13

What are the 3 functions of intercalated discs

Answer 13

Cell to cell communication (ion flow-longitudinal portion)

Attach cardiac muscle

Stabilize myofibrils

Question 14

What is the function of the specialized cardiac muscle cells Myoendocrine cells? What is the target organ they are influencing?

Answer 14

Function: secrete hormones into surrounding capillaries

target: Kidneys (fluid and electrolyte balance) or Small artery (relax tunica media to decrease BP)

Question 15

What produces the serous fluid that accumulates in the pericardial cavity

Answer 15

Serous pericardium

Question 16

True or false; the epicardium = visceral pericardium

Answer 16

true

Question 17

The Epicardium or Visceral pericardium contains a sub-epicardial layer of fibroelastic Ct. containing what?

Answer 17

Coronary vessels
Nerves
and sometimes adipose tissue - (adds stress to heart beat)

Question 18

What secretes a serous lubricating fluid in the Epicardium or Visceral pericardium

Answer 18

The mesothelium

Question 19

What are the 2 parts of the Serous Pericardium

Answer 19

Epicardium and Partietal pericardium

Question 20

True or false; the Parietal pericardium contains a mesothelium (secreting serous fluid) and a layer of fibroelastic Ct.

Answer 20

true

Question 21

What two components make up the pericardial sac

Answer 21

Parietal pericardium and fibrous pericardium

Question 22

What kind of collagen primarily makes up the fibrous pericardium

Answer 22

type 1

Question 23

What makes up the boarders of the pericardial cavity? And how much fluid can it hold

Answer 23

Between Parietal pericardium and Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)

Can hold ~15-50 mL

Question 24

True or false; Dense irregular ct. has many collagen 1 and elastic fibers and is almost always Avascular

Answer 24

true

Question 25

What kind of ct. makes up the cardiac skeleton

Answer 25

dense irregular ct.

Question 26

True or false; the tunica media of muscular arteries is primarily composed of smooth muscle and richly innervated by SNS

Answer 26

true

Question 27

What is the smallest of artery types

Answer 27

arterioles

Question 28

True or false; both muscular arteries and arterioles contain a thin tunica intima, thick tunica media, and fibroelastic tunica adventitia

Answer 28

true

Question 29

What happens to the number of elastic laminae in elastic arteries as you age?

Answer 29

increases

Question 30

What happens to muscular arteries as you age?

Answer 30

Collagen 1 and proteoglycans increase after middle age | resulting in decrease in flexibility (coronary vessels greatly affected)

Question 31

Hypertension (increase in systolic BP) can occur around middle age which causes what in arteries

Answer 31

elastic fibers decrease and are replaced by collagen 1 (adds stiffness)

Question 32

True or false; atherosclerosis typically occurs in the smallest of arteries

Answer 32

false; typically in largest

Question 33

What blood vessels are the "over flow prevention system"

Answer 33

Metarterioles

Question 34

What blood vessels are the "by-pass system"

Answer 34

AVA = arteriovenous anastomosis = AV shunt (richly innervated)

Question 35

What happens if an AVA (AV shunt) is closed? What about open?

Answer 35

Closed - blood into capillary bed Open - blood diverted from capillary bed

Question 36

True or false; Metarterioles, AVA's, Pre-capillary sphincters, and size of terminal arteriole lumen are all functions determining blood flow into capillaries

Answer 36

true

Question 37

What is the most common capillary type?

Answer 37

Continuous capillaries

Question 38

What kind of capillaries would you find in pancreas, intestines, or endocrine organs

Answer 38

fenestrated capillaries

Question 39

What kind of capillaries would you find in bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphatic organs, and some endocrine organs

Answer 39

sinusoidal capillaries

Question 40

How are veins similar to arteries in structure? How do they differ?

Answer 40

Similar - have 3 tunicas Different- not as uniform (no smooth muscle) - often larger lumen

Question 41

True or false; valves of veins are strong and thick

Answer 41

false; thin and delicate

Question 42

Do venules of veins play a role in inflammation?

Answer 42

yes; incomplete tunica media allows products of inflammation through to loosen endothelial cell junctions

Question 43

What are 2 major differences between continuous blood capillaries and lymphatic vessels

Answer 43

Lymphatics are blind ended and no pericytes

Question 44

True or false; pericytes are numerous on capillaries and venules

Answer 44

true

Question 45

What is major function of pericytes

Answer 45

healing