Respiratory system Flashcards by Andrew White

Oxygen and CO2 exchange
Olfaction 
Phonation
Defense
and Conditioning of air are all functions of what?

Respiratory system

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What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

O2 and CO2 exchange

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What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system

Olfaction
Phonation
Defense
And conditioning of air

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True or false; along with warming and moistening the air, conditioning of the air refers to filtration of large to small particulate

true

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True or false; the conduction portion of the respiratory system transport air to the respiratory portion

true

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The surface epithelium of the nasal vestibule is made up of what?

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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What kind of glands would you find in the vestibule of the nasal cavity

sweat and sebaceous

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What kind of cartilage makes up the vestibule of the nasal cavity

hyaline

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True or false; the mucociliary apparatus in the respiratory region of the nose filters medium size particulate

true

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Where would you find seromucus glands in the nose?

lamina propria

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The mucus portion of the serumucus glands of the nose functions to

humidify air

mucocililary clearance

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The serous products produced by the seromucus glands of the nose act as a…

small particulate filter : Lysozyme (antibacterial) Interferons (antiviral) Cytokines (stimulate defense cells)

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True or false; along with the seromucus glands, in the lamina propria of the nose you would expect to find a cavernous plexus with many large venules typically filled with blood

true

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What are the 3 functions of the cavernous plexus in the lamina propria of the nose

Warm air
Humidify air
Provide defense (inflammation within lamina propria - stuffy nose - also increased blood -> increased O2 -> stimulate seromucus secretion -> runny nose)

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True or false; the Paranasal sinuses are found in the ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxilla bones; and connect to nasal cavity

true - connects through sinal ostia

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Do the paranasal sinuses have a lamina propria?

yes; but is thin - has seromucus glands and quite vascular

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What possible problem can arise due to small ostia connecting paranasal sinuses

inflammation can cause a blockage and subsequent sinus infection

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What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx

Nasopharynx (superior)
Oropharynx (middle)
Laryngopharynx (inferior)

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What kind of cells cover the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the nasopharynx

Respiratory epithelium - Mucociliary clearance

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What kind of cells cover the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

stratified squamous epithelium

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True or false; the whole respiratory system has no muscularis mucosa

true

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What would you expect to find in the lamina propria (loose ct.) of the nasopharynx

Pharyngeal and tubal tonsils

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What would you expect to find in the lamina propria (loose ct.) of the Oropharynx

Lingual and palatine tonsils

Would you expect to see any tonsils in the lamina propria (loose ct.) of the Laryngopharynx

True or false; the submucosa of the pharynx = Pharyngobasilar fascia

true; Collagen in periosteum of basilar portion of occiput blends into wall of pharynx

What function does the submucosa of the pharynx (Pharyngobasilar fascia) have?

Adds support to 90 degree turn of head

What kind of muscle makes up the muscularis externa of pharynx? What is unique about the fiber arrangement?

All skeletal muscle Unique because reverse pattern - Longitudinal inner and Circular outer (this arrangement also occurs in uterus)

True or false; the Adventitia of the pharynx = Buccopharyngeal Fascia

true

True or false; the Epimysium of buccinator muscle blends into the adventitia of pharynx (Buccopharyngeal fascia)

true

What kind of cells line the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the trachea

Respiratory epithelium

What is the arrangement of the muscularis mucosa in the trachea

there is no muscularis mucosa anywhere in the respiratory system

True or false; similarly to the respiratory region of the nose, the lamina propria of the trachea contains seromucus glands and is quite vascular

true

What is unique about the submucosa of the trachea

Contains hyaline cartilage C rings and blends with Lamina propria

What muscle would you expect to find with the muscularis externa of the trachea

Trachealis (smooth muscle)

What trends do you see decrease as you transition from trachea to bronchi

decrease: Amount of cartilage Number of glands Number of goblet cells Height of epithelial layer

What trends do you see increase as you transition from trachea to bronchi

Increase: Smooth muscle and Elastic Ct.

Would you find cartilage in Bronchioles? What about seromucus glands

No to both; (Complete smooth muscle layer)

Would you expect to find clara cells in bronchioles?

yes

What is the last conducting portion of respiratory system?

Terminal bronchioles - Made of simple columnar/cuboidal with clara cells

What makes up the lamina propria of the terminal bronchioles

fibroelastic ct.

What is the first region of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

Respiratory bronchioles

Is the structure of the respiratory bronchioles similar to structure of terminal bronchioles?

yes; but respiratory have simple squamous epithelium (i.e. gas exchange is possible)

What is the general function of the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli

gas exchange

Which alveolar cell type is made of squamous cells, with zonula occludens and makes up 95% of alveolar surface

Alveolar type 1 - Type 1 pneumocyte | General function- gas exchange

Which alveolar cell type is made of cuboidal cells and makes up 5% of alveolar surface

Alveolar type 2 - Type 2 pneumocyte

While the alveolar type 1 cells function in gas exchange, what do the less numerous type 2 alveolar cells function in?

producing pulmonary surfactant

True or false; alveolar macrophages develop from monocytes

true

What is the region between two alveoli called?

Interalveolar septum (contains the 2 types of alveoli and basal lamina with small amounts of ct.)

What is the blood-gas barrier

region where oxygen and carbon dioxide pass between the air and blood

What makes up the blood-gas barrier?

Surfactant Alveolar type 1 cells Fused basal lamina between alveolar and endothelial cells

Chronic exposure to irritants would cause goblet cell numbers to what?

Increase- resulting in increased mucus

Chronic exposure to irritants would cause ciliated columnar cell numbers to what?

decrease - resulting in more congestion

Chronic exposure to irritants would cause seromucus glands to what?

Increase in size and increase secretion

What is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome in newborns?

too few mature alveolar type 2 cells

How could metaplasia occur due to chronic exposure to irritants

too much coughing - develop patches of stratified squamous epithelium instead of respiratory epithelium

What is emphysema? Is it reversible?

Decrease in elastin - decrease alveolar elasticity Reduced surface for gas exchange Irreversible