bones

Question 1

functions of skeletal system

Answer 1

Body support, Organ protection, Body movement, . Mineral storage, Blood cell production.

Question 2

The principal
minerals stored in bones which are two minerals essential for many
physiological processes.

Answer 2

calcium and phosphorous

Question 3

stored within bone cavities. If needed,
the lipids are released into the blood and used by other tissues as a source of energy.

Answer 3

adipose tissue

Question 4

mature bone matrix is normally about ___ organic and ___inorganic
material.

Answer 4

35 ; 65

Question 5

The organic material consists primarily of

Answer 5

collagen and proteoglycans

Question 6

The
inorganic material consists primarily of a calcium phosphate crystal called

Answer 6

hydroxyapatite

Question 7

Brittle bone disease also known as

Answer 7

osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 8

which means imperfect bone
formation, is a rare disorder caused by any one of a number of faulty genes that
results in either too little collagen formation, or poor quality collagen. As a result,
the bone matrix has decreased flexibility and is more easily broken than normal
bone.

Answer 8

brittle bone disease

Question 9

bone-building cells. These cells have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes

Answer 9

osteoblasts

Question 10

Osteoblasts produce

Answer 10

collagen and proteoglycans

Question 11

high concentrations of Ca2+ and
phosphate ions, forming crystals called

Answer 11

hydroxyapatite

Question 12

The formation of new bone by osteoblasts is called

Answer 12

ossification or osteogenesis

Question 13

This type of growth adds new layers to the outer surface of the existing material

Answer 13

appositional growth

Question 14

Osteoblasts become

Answer 14

osteocytes

Question 15

Osteocytes account for ___ of bone
cells and are very long-lived, with a life span of up to ____years.

Answer 15

90-95% ; 25 years

Question 16

Osteocyte cell bodies are housed within the bone matrix in spaces called

Answer 16

lacunae

Question 17

Osteocyte cell extensions are housed in narrow, long spaces called

Answer 17

canaliculi

Question 18

are bone-destroying cells

Answer 18

osteoclast

Question 19

Breakdown of bone is called

Answer 19

bone reabsportion

Question 20

massive, multinucleated cells and develop from the red bone
marrow cells that also differentiate into specialized white blood cells.

Answer 20

osteoclasts

Question 21

specialized reabsorption-specific area of the membrane.

Answer 21

ruffled border

Question 22

Mature bone is called

Answer 22

lamellar bone

Question 23

It is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers, called

Answer 23

lamellae

Question 24

These are mature bone cells located in small spaces called lacunae

Answer 24

osteocytes

Question 25

Osteocytes are connected to each other through tiny channels that allows them to share nutrients and signals is called

Answer 25

canaliculi

Question 26

looks porous and has a less dense structure than compact bone

Answer 26

spongy bone

Question 27

spongy bone contains interconnecting rods or plates of bone known as

Answer 27

trabeculae

Question 28

The spaces between trabeculae are filled with

Answer 28

bone marrow and blood vessels

Question 29

forms the solid outer layer of bones and is denser with less space than spongy bone.

Answer 29

compact bone

Question 30

Blood vessels penetrate this dense bone, running through the central canals.

Answer 30

compact bone

Question 31

Compact bone also known as

Answer 31

cortical bone

Question 32

The functional unit of compact bone is an

Answer 32

osteon or haversian system

Question 33

composed of concentric rings of matrix, which surround a central tunnel and contain osteocytes.

Answer 33

osteon

Question 34

an osteon resembles a circular target; the bull’s-eye of the target is the

Answer 34

central canal

Question 35

are lined with endosteum and contain blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue

Answer 35

central canals

Question 36

Nutrients in the blood vessels are delivered to the

Answer 36

osteocytes

Question 37

the center portion of the bone

Answer 37

diaphysis

Question 38

It is composed primarily of compact bone tissue, surrounding a hollow center called the

Answer 38

medullary cavity

Question 39

The ends of a long bone are called

Answer 39

epiphyses

Question 40

are mostly spongy bone, with an outer layer of compact bone.

Answer 40

epiphyses

Question 41

Within joints, the end of a long bone is covered with hyaline cartilage called

Answer 41

articular cartilage

Question 42

located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

Answer 42

epiphyseal or growth plate

Question 43

Growth in bone length occurs at the

Answer 43

epiphyseal plate

Question 44

When bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and is called the

Answer 44

epiphyseal line

Question 45

The cavities of spongy bone and the medullary cavity are filled with

Answer 45

marrow

Question 46

the site of blood cell formation

Answer 46

red marrow

Question 47

mostly adipose tissue.

Answer 47

yellow marrow

Question 48

In the fetus, the spaces within bones are filled with

Answer 48

red marrow

Question 49

connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone

Answer 49

periosteum

Question 50

single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones, such as the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and the smaller cavities in spongy and compact bone

Answer 50

endosteum

Question 51

Intramembranous ossification of this membrane begins at approximately the eighth week of embryonic development and is completed by approximately 2 years of age.

Question 52

The locations in the membrane where intramembranous ossification begins are called

Answer 52

centers of ossification

Question 53

expand to form a bone by gradually ossifying the membrane.

Answer 53

centers of ossification

Question 54

have the oldest bone, and the expanding edges the youngest bone

Answer 54

centers

Question 55

soft spots, are the larger, membrane-covered spaces between the developing skull bones that have not yet been ossified

Answer 55

fontanels

Question 56

The bones eventually grow together, and all the fontanels have usually closed by ____ years of age.

Answer 56

2

Question 57

The formation of cartilage begins at approximately the end of the _____ of theembryonic development

Answer 57

fourth week

Question 58

Endochondral ossification of some of this cartilage starts at approximately the

Answer 58

eighth week

Question 59

produced by cells called chondrocytes (KON-droh-sites), and has the approximate shape of the future bone. The cartilage model is surrounded by perichondrium.

Answer 59

hyaline cartilage model

Question 60

A hyaline cartilage model is produced by cells called

Answer 60

chondrocytes

Question 61

Once osteoblasts begin to produce bone, the perichondrium becomes the

Answer 61

periosteum

Question 62

The osteoblasts produce compact bone on the surface of the cartilage model, forming a

Answer 62

bone collar

Question 63

occurs as a result of continuous cell division of the chondrocytes within the cartilage model.

Answer 63

Interstitial growth

Question 64

occurs as a result of cell division at the surface of the cartilage model, and under the perichondrium.

Answer 64

appositional growth

Question 65

hypertrophy or

Answer 65

enlarge

Question 66

the chondrocytes in the center of the cartilage model absorb some of the cartilage matrix resulting in

Answer 66

hypertrophy or enlargement

Question 67

also initiate the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals in the cartilage matrix

Answer 67

chrondrocytes

Question 68

enlarged lacunae with thin walls of calcified matrix is. result of

Answer 68

death of chrondrocytes

Question 69

forms as osteoblasts produce bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage. The osteoblasts transform the calcified cartilage of the diaphysis into spongy bone.

Answer 69

primary ossification center

Question 70

Osteoclasts remove bone from the center of the diaphysis to form the

Answer 70

medullary cavity and cells to form red bone marrow

Question 71

created in the epiphyses by osteoblasts that migrate into the epiphysis. the spaces in the epiphyses do not enlarge to form a medullary cavity as in the diaphysis.

Answer 71

Secondary ossification center

Question 72

After a person’s bones have stopped growing, the epiphyseal plate regresses into a “scar, ” called the

Answer 72

epiphyseal line

Question 73

occurs between approximately 12 and 25 years of age, depending on the bone and the individual.

Answer 73

closure of the epiphyseal plate,

Question 74

bone that becomes old is replaced with new bone in a process called

Answer 74

bone remodeling

Question 75

localized mass of blood released from blood vessels but confined within an organ or a space.

Answer 75

hematoma

Question 76

mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site. Several days after the fracture, blood vessels grow into the clot

Answer 76

callus

Question 77

produce collagen and other extracellular materials to form granulation tissue, the precursor to healed tissue

Answer 77

fibroblast

Question 78

a connective tissue that contains collagen, ground substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals.

Answer 78

bone

Question 79

cartilage

Answer 79

covering

Question 80

(reduces wear and tear on the joint surfaces)

Answer 80

cartilage

Question 81

muscle to bone attachment

Answer 81

tendon

Question 82

bone to bone

Answer 82

ligament

Question 83

minimal movement (stabilizer)

Answer 83

ligament

Question 84

Longer than they are wide

Answer 84

long bones

Question 85

Has a central shaft

Answer 85

long bones

Question 86

Mostly located on the upper and lower limbs

Answer 86

long bones

Question 87

This shape enhances their functional movement of the limbs.

Answer 87

long bones

Question 88

Long as they are wide.

Answer 88

short bones

Question 89

Allows stability and facilitates some movement

Answer 89

short bones

Question 90

Relatively thin, flattened shape.

Answer 90

flat bones

Question 91

They are well suited to provide strong barrier around soft organs.

Answer 91

flat bones

Question 92

Have shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories

Answer 92

irregular bones

Question 93

Occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in connective tissue membranes. Primarily happens in skull and clavicle.

Answer 93

intramembranous

Question 94

Occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in the hyaline cartilage. Primarily happens in bones except skull and clavicle.

Answer 94

endochonral

Question 95

Formation of bone by osteoblasts

Answer 95

bone ossification

Question 96

Involves the synthesis of an organic matrix containing collagen and proteoglycans and the addition of hydroxyapatite crystals to the matrix.

Answer 96

bone ossification

Question 97

Can be either INTRAMEMBRANOUS or ENDOCHONDRAL

Answer 97

bone ossification

Question 98

Involves the removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts

Answer 98

bone remodeling

Question 99

Responsible for changes in bone shape, bone repair, adjustment of bone to stress, and calcium ion regulation

Answer 99

bone remodeling