lesson 1

Question 1

investigates the structure of the body

Answer 1

anatomy

Question 2

to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the human body for study

Answer 2

anatomy

Question 3

2 basic approaches to study anatomy

Answer 3

systematic and regional anatomy

Question 4

the study of of the body by systems such as nervous, skeletal.

Answer 4

systematic anatomy

Question 5

the study of the organization of the body by areas

Answer 5

regional anatomy

Question 6

TWO GENERAL WAYS TO EXAMINE THE INTERNAL STRUCTURES

Answer 6

surface and anatomical imaging

Question 7

the study of external features such as bony projections which serves as landmarks for locating deeper structures

Answer 7

surface anatomy

Question 8

Involves the use of imaging
modalities such as x-rays,
ultrasound, CT- scan, MRI, etc.

Answer 8

anatomical imaging

Question 9

deals with the processes or functions of living things.

Answer 9

physiology

Question 10

the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals.

Answer 10

cells

Question 11

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN
BODY

Answer 11

Chemical level, Cell level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organism

Question 12

The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical make

Answer 12

chemical level

Question 13

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as
plants and animals. Most cells contain smaller structures inside them, called
organelles (OR-gah-nellz; little organs). Organelles carry out particular
functions, such as digestion and movement, for the cell. For example, the
nucleus contains the cell’s hereditary information, and mitochondria
manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule cells use for a source
of energy.

Answer 13

cell level

Question 14

what structural and functional organization of the human body? tissue is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding
them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue.

Answer 14

tissue level

Question 15

What structural and functional organization of the human body? An organ (OR-gan; a tool) is composed of two or more tissue types that
together perform one or more common functions.

Answer 15

organ level

Question 16

is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.

Answer 16

organ

Question 17

what structural and functional organization? An organ system is a group of organs that together perform a common
function or set of functions. For example, the urinary system consists of the
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Answer 17

organ system level

Question 18

Structure and functional organization level? An organism is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of
one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human. The
human organism is a network of organ systems that are mutually dependent
upon one another.

Answer 18

organism level

Question 19

refers to the specific interrelationships among the individual
parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
Living things are highly organized. All organisms are composed of one or more
cells. In turn, cellular function depends on the precise organization of large
molecules. Disruption of this organized state can result in loss of functions.

Answer 19

organization

Question 20

the ability to use energy to perform other vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction. Human cells possess specialized proteins that can break down food molecules to use as a
source of energy.

Answer 20

metabolism

Question 21

an organism’s ability to sense changes in the external or
internal environment and adjust to those changes. include actions
such as moving toward food or water and moving away from danger or poor
environmental conditions such as extreme cold or heat. Organisms can also
make adjustments that maintain their internal environment. For example, if our body temperature rises, sweat glands produce sweat, which can lower body temperature down to the normal range.

Answer 21

responsiveness

Question 22

refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an
overall enlargement in all or part of an organism, cell size, or the amount of
substance surrounding cells.

Answer 22

growth

Question 23

includes the changes an organism undergoes through time,
beginning with fertilization and ending at death. Development usually involves
growth, but it also involves differentiation. Differentiation involves changes in
a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature,
specialized state.

Answer 23

development

Question 24

involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state

Answer 24

differentiation

Question 25

the formation of new cells or new organisms. _______ of cells allows for growth and development. Formation of new organisms prevents extinction of species.

Answer 25

reproduction

Question 26

• It is the existence and maintenance of a relative constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either of the external and internal environment. • Normal cell functions depend on the maintenance of cell’s fluid environment within a narrow range of conditions or variables

Answer 26

homeostasis

Question 27

refers to the specific interrelationships among the individual parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions. Living things are highly organized. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. In turn, cellular function depends on the precise organization of large molecules. Disruption of this organized state can result in loss of functions

Answer 27

organization

Question 28

ability to use energy to perform other vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction. Human cells possess specialized proteins that can break down food molecules to use as a source of energy.

Answer 28

metabolism

Question 29

an organism’s ability to sense changes in the external or internal environment and adjust to those changes. Responses include actions such as moving toward food or water and moving away from danger or poor environmental conditions such as extreme cold or heat. Organisms can also make adjustments that maintain their internal environment

Answer 29

responsiveness

Question 30

refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement in all or part of an organism, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells

Answer 30

growth

Question 31

includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death. Development usually involves growth, but it also involves differentiation. Differentiation involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state.

Answer 31

development

Question 32

the formation of new cells or new organisms. Reproduction of cells allows for growth and development. Formation of new organisms prevents extinction of species.

Answer 32

reproduction

Question 33

most are governed by Nervous and Endocrine system.

Answer 33

homeostatic mechanisms

Question 34

A change variable is a ________ because it initiates homeostatic mechanisms

Answer 34

stimulus

Question 35

• If the activation of one component results in the inactivation of another • Reverses the change and bring things back to normal

Answer 35

negative feedback

Question 36

• When the activation of one component leads to the activation of another, the interaction between the components is said to be _________. • Increases the change

Answer 36

positive feedback

Question 37

Most systems of the body are regulated by

Answer 37

negative-feedback mechanisms

Question 38

when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.

Answer 38

negative feedback

Question 39

- Occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response. ▪ The deviation from the set point becomes even greater.

Answer 39

positive feedback

Question 40

which monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature, by detecting stimul

Answer 40

receptor

Question 41

such as part of the brain, which determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable

Answer 41

control center

Question 42

can adjust the value of the variable when directed by the control center, usually back toward the set point.

Answer 42

effector

Question 43

A reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and region

Answer 43

anatomical position

Question 44

lying face upward

Answer 44

supine

Question 45

when lying face downward

Answer 45

prone

Question 46

means above

Answer 46

superior

Question 47

means below

Answer 47

inferior

Question 48

used for “in front of”

Answer 48

anterior

Question 49

is used for “behind. ”

Answer 49

posterior

Question 50

two terms can be used interchangeably to refer to the front of the body

Answer 50

anterior and ventral (belly)

Question 51

two terms can be used interchangeably to refer to the back of the body

Answer 51

posterior and dorsal (back)

Question 52

means “close to, ”

Answer 52

proximal

Question 53

means “far from. ”

Answer 53

distal

Question 54

means “toward the midline, ”

Answer 54

medial

Question 55

means “away from the midline. ”

Answer 55

lateral

Question 56

refers to a structure close to the surface of the body

Answer 56

superficial

Question 57

toward the interior of the body

Answer 57

deep

Question 58

separates the body or a structure into right and left halves.

Answer 58

sagittal plane

Question 59

means “the flight of an arrow”

Answer 59

sagittal

Question 60

a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

Answer 60

median plane

Question 61

runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.

Answer 61

transverse (horizontal) plane

Question 62

divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves.

Answer 62

frontal (coronal) plane

Question 63

a cut along the length of the organ

Answer 63

longitudinal section

Question 64

or cross section, cuts completely through an organ

Answer 64

transverse section

Question 65

cut is made diagonally across the long axis, it is called

Answer 65

oblique section

Question 66

cut is made diagonally across the long axis, it is called

Answer 66

oblique section

Question 67

The body contains two types of internal cavities

Answer 67

dorsal and ventral body cavity

Question 68

sagittal planes that are uneven

Answer 68

parasagittal planes

Question 69

encloses the organs of the nervous system the brain and spinal cord

Answer 69

dorsal body cavity

Question 70

houses the brain

Answer 70

cranial cavity

Question 71

houses the spinal cord

Answer 71

vertebral canal

Question 72

The two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity

Answer 72

cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Question 73

Both the brain and spinal cord are covered by membranes

Answer 73

meninges

Question 74

houses the vast majority of our internal organs, collectively referred to as the viscera

Answer 74

the ventral body cavity

Question 75

The ventral body cavity also has two major subdivisions

Answer 75

(1) the thoracic cavity and (2) the abdominopelvic cavity.

Question 76

more superior to the abdominopelvic cavity and houses primarily the heart and lungs, among other organs

Answer 76

thoracic cavity

Question 77

encloses a lung, and are surrounded by the ribs,

Answer 77

pleural cavities

Question 78

houses the heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, the trachea, and the esophagus

Answer 78

pleural cavities

Question 79

houses the heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, the trachea, and the esophagus

Answer 79

medial mediastinum

Question 80

enclosed by abdominal muscles and consists of (1) the more superior abdominal cavity and (2) the more inferior pelvic cavity.

Answer 80

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Question 81

The organs of the abdominopelvic cavity are housed within the

Answer 81

peritoneal cavity

Question 82

continues below the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, urethra, rectum of the large intestine, and reproductive organs.

Answer 82

pelvic cavity

Question 83

houses many internal organs such as the liver, the digestive organs and the reproductive organs

Answer 83

peritoneal cavity

Question 84

houses the kidneys, ureters adrenal glands, large portion of pancreas, parts of the large intestine and urinary bladder

Answer 84

retroperitoneal cavity

Question 85

The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact with membranes called

Answer 85

serous membrane

Question 86

is a thin double layered membrane that covers the walls and organs of the ventral cavity.

Answer 86

serous membrane (serosa)

Question 87

The layer that lines the walls of the cavities is called the

Answer 87

parietal serous membrane

Question 88

The layer covering the internal organs is the

Answer 88

visceral serous membrane

Question 89

serous membranes, are filled with a watery substance

Answer 89

serous fluid

Question 90

contains the heart

Answer 90

pericardial cavity

Question 91

houses the lungs

Answer 91

pleural cavity

Question 92

a double-folded sheet of visceral peritoneum attaches the digestive organs at certain points to the posterior abdominopelvic cavity wall. These regions of double-folded visceral peritoneum are called

Answer 92

mesenteries