digestive Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
function of digestive system: Consumption of solid or liquid food
usually through the mouth. Mastication is chewing.
A
Ingestion and
Mastication
2
Q
the movement of food from one end of
the digestive tract to the other.
A
propulsion
3
Q
the movement of food back and
forth in the digestive tract
A
mixing
4
Q
the movement of food from one end of
the digestive tract to the other and the movement of food back and
forth in the digestive tract, which incorporates the digestive system’s many
secretions into the food.
A
propulsion and mixing
5
Q
Digestion is the breakdown of large
organic molecules into smaller
molecules. Secretion is the addition of
liquid, enzymes and mucus to the
ingested food. Digestion occurs through
mechanical and chemical.
A
digestion and secretion
6
Q
Movement of molecules out of the
digestive tract into the blood or lymphatic
system.
A
absorption
7
Q
the breakdown of large
organic molecules into smaller
molecules
A
digestion
8
Q
the addition of
liquid, enzymes and mucus to the
ingested food
A
secretion
9
Q
Removal of the undigested material
such as fiber from food, and other waste
products from the body as feces
A
elimination
10
Q
The digestive system consists of the
A
digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract plus associated organs
11
Q
-Serous membrane that lines the Peritoneal cavity
A
peritoneum
12
Q
The digestive tract consists of four major tunics, or
layers:
A
(1) the mucosa, (2) the submucosa, (3) the
muscularis, and (4) a serosa or an adventitia
13
Q
the innermost tunic
A
mucosa
14
Q
3 layers of mucosa
A
1.Mucous epithelium
2.Lamina propria
3.Muscularis mucosae
15
Q
3 layers of mucosa: the innermost layer
A
mucous epithelium
16
Q
3 layers of mucosa: which is loose connective tissue
A
lamina propria
17
Q
3 layers of mucosa: thin outer layer of smooth muscle.
A
muscularis mucosae
18
Q
lies just outside the mucosa
A
submucosa
19
Q
Blood and lymphatic
vessels and plexus
A
submucosa
20
Q
Circular smooth muscle
A
muscularis (inner)
21
Q
Longitudinal smooth muscle
A
muscularis (outer layer)
22
Q
the serosa on each side of the tube fuses
together to form a suspensory structure
A
mesentery
23
Q
Many of the organs of the abdominal cavity are held in place by
connective tissue sheets called
A
mesenteries
24
Q
General term referring to serous membranes attached to the
abdominal organs.
A
MESENTERY
25
Associated with small
intestine
Mesentery Proper
26
connects the lesser
curvature of the stomach to the liver and
diaphragm
Lesser Omentum
27
connects the greater
curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
and posterior body wall
Greater Omentum
28
The oral cavity, or mouth, is divided into two regions:
: (1) space between the lips or cheeks and the teeth (2) oral cavity proper
which lies inside the teeth and houses the tongue
29
The lips and
cheeks are important in
the process of
mastication. The
tongue is a large
muscular organ that
occupies most of the
oral cavity.
Lips, cheeks and
tongue
30
the teeth of an adult is called Secondary/Permanent (32) and the
childhood teeth is called primary /deciduous (20).
Teeth
31
the teeth of an adult is called
Secondary/Permanent (32)
32
childhood teeth is called
primary /deciduous (20)
33
large
muscular organ that
occupies most of the
oral cavity.
tongue
34
There are ___ teeth in the normal adult mouth
32
35
The third molars are called
wisdom tooth
36
The bulk of the tooth is formed by living cellular calcified tissue called
dentin
37
The dentin is covered by ____ in the crown region.
enamel
38
The ______ contains
pulp which consist of blood vessels
pulp cavity
39
Each teach is held in place within
pockets in the bone called _____
alveoli
40
alveoli are covered by
gingiva/gums
41
protects the tooth against abrasion and acids produced by bacteria
enamel
42
helps anchor the tooth in the jaw
cementum
43
forms the roof of the oral cavity that
separates the oral from nasal cavity
palate
44
palate consist of 2 parts
hard and soft palate
45
anterior part that contains the
bone
hard palate
46
posterior parts and contains
skeletal muscle and connective tissue. Uvula is
the posterior extension of the soft plate.
soft palate
47
the posterior extension of the soft plate.
uvula
48
located in the lateral posterior walls of the
oral cavity, in the nasopharynx, and in the posterior surface of the tongue.
tonsil
49
produce saliva and regulated primarily by Autonomic
nervous system with parasympathetic stimulation
Salivary Glands
50
Salivary glands
produce
saliva
51
is a mixture of serous (watery) and
mucous fluids and has multiple roles
saliva
52
The largest of the salivary glands
parotid glands
53
serous gland
located just anterior to each ear.
Parotid ducts enter the oral cavity
through the 2nd upper molar
parotid glands
54
inflammation of the parotid gland caused by a viral
infection.
mumps
55
located below
the mandible. Produce more serous
than mucous secretions
submandibular
56
smallest gland
and produce mainly mucous
secretions
sublingual glands
57
composed of fluid and proteins and has three main functions
saliva
58
3 main functions of saliva
(1) keeps oral cavity moist
(2) protective functions (lysozyme antibacterial enzyme, neutralizes mouth ph
(3)begins the process of digestion – 5 % of total carbohydrates.
59
The normal daily rate of saliva secretion varies from approximately
0.5 – 1.5 L daily
60
saliva is a mixture of
(1)serous (watery)
(2) mucous fluids – contains
mucin that is stimulated
by sympathetic
61
breaks down starch
Salivary amylase
62
in which food is crushed and mixed with saliva to
form a bolus for swallowing
Increases efficiency of digestion
mastication
63
primarily cut and tear food
incisors and canines
64
primarily crush and grind food
premolars and molars
65
-connects the mouth to the
esophagus
pharynx
66
pharynx consist of three parts
(1)nasopharynx (2)oropharynx and
(3)laryngopharynx
67
only
the ____ and ____ carry food to the esophagus.
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
68
-moist stratified squamous epithelium, that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. It is
approx. 25 cm long and lies anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea
esophagus
69
esophagus is __ cm long
25 cm
70
swallowing is also called
deglutition
71
Swallowing, or deglutition (dee-glue-TISH-un), can be divided into three
phases:
(1) the voluntary phase, (2) the pharyngeal phase, and (3) the
esophageal phase
72
The stomach is divided into four regions
(1) cardiac part, (2) fundus, (3)
body, and (4) pyloric part
73
a muscular hollow organ which temporarily stores ingested food and
continue the process of mechanical digestion. Made up of simple columnar epithelium. It
has a ‘J’ shape, and features a lesser and greater curvature
stomach
74
produce a churning action in
the stomach.
muscularis layer
75
folds in the
stomach
rugae
76
semifluid mixture of food and gastric secretions
chyme
77
The muscularis layer of the stomach is different from other regions of
the digestive tract in that it consists of three layers
(1) an outer
longitudinal layer, (2) a middle circular layer, and (3) an inner oblique layer
78
Hormones release by the stomach ( Gastrin) and intestine help regulate the ___
gastric secretion
79
Stomach secretions (2 L) of the Gastric glands include four substances.
1. Hydrochloric acid
2. Pepsin
3. Mucus
4. Intrinsic factor
80
kills microorganism and activates the enzyme,
pepsin (produced by ____)
Hydrochloric acid ; parietal cells
81
______ (inactive form is pepsinogen) breaks covalent bond of proteins
to from smaller peptide chains (produced by _____)
pepsin ; chief cells
82
____ lubricates the epithelial cells of the stomach wall ( produced by ______)
mucus ; mucous
neck cells & surface mucous cells
83
____ binds with vit b12 and makes its more readily absorbed
in the small intestine (produced by ____)
intrinsic factor ; parietal cells
84
Approximately ___ of gastric secretions (gastric juice) are produced each
day.
2L
85
regulated by :
1. Nervous (CNS reflex– medulla oblongata and Local reflex – enteric plexus in
the wall of GT)
2. Hormonal mechanism (hormones produced by stomach and small intestine)
86
The neural mechanisms involve
central nervous system (CNS) reflexes
integrated within the medulla oblongata.
87
Hormonal mechanism
hormones produced by stomach and small intestine
88
Regulation of stomach secretions can be divided into three phases:
the cephalic phase, (2) the gastric phase, and (3) the intestinal phase.
89
brain phase of the stomach
secretions.
cephalic phase
90
can be viewed as the “get started” phase, when the stomach
secretions are increased in anticipation of incoming food.
cephalic phase
91
produces the greatest
volume of gastric secretions.
Activated by the presence of
food in the stomach.
gastric phase
92
“go for it,
” phase, when most of the stimulation of secretion
occurs.
gastric phase
93
the “slow down” phase, during which
stomach secretion decreases.
intestinal phase
94
inhibits gastric secretions. of food
in the stomach. It is controlled by
the entrance of acidic chyme into
the duodenum, which initiates
both neural and hormonal
mechanisms
Intestinal Phase
95
Two types of stomach movement aid digestion and help move chyme
through the digestive tract
(1) mixing waves and (2) peristaltic waves
96
The contractions of the stomach occur about every ___ seconds and proceed
from the body of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincter
20
97
weak contractions
Mixing waves
98
strong
contractions
peristaltic waves
99
major function is absorption of nutrient. It is about 6 m long and consist of three parts.
small intestine
100
small intestine is about ____ long
6 m
101
small intestine consists of
(1) the duodenum, (2) the jejunum, and (3) the ileum
102
smallest section (25 cm long)
- described as a C-shaped located
below the stomach that surrounds
the pancreas
duodenum
103
Receives stomach chyme,
pancreatic juice and bile from liver
and gallbladder via duodenal
ligament. (cholecystokinin and
secretin hormone)
duodenum
104
-The ____ marks the division
between the duodenum and the
jejunum
suspensory muscle of
duodenum
105
-2.5 m long that absorb sugars,
amino acids, and fatty acids.
jejunum
106
-longest part (3.5 m long)
It absorbs any final nutrients, with major
absorptive products being vitamin B12 and
bile acids.
ileum
107
jejunum is ___ long
2.5 m
108
how long is the ileum
3.5 m
109
small aggregates
of lymphatic tissue found in the
mucosa of the ileum.
Peyer’s patches
110
The small intestine has three
modifications that increase its
surface area about___-fold.
600
111
small intestine: The mucosa and submucosa form a
series of ____ that run
perpendicular to the long axis of the
digestive tract.
circular folds
112
small intestine: Tiny, fingerlike projections of the
mucosa form numerous ____, which
are 0.5–1.5 mm long
villi
113
Each villus is covered by simple
columnar epithelium. numerous
cytoplasmic extensions,
called ___
microvilli
114
small intestine, secretions from the mucosa Contains mainly
mucus (duodenal glands and goblet cells), ion and water
115
Most of the intestinal secretions entering the small intestine is produced by the
_______ with addition from the secretions of liver and pancreas
intestinal mucosa
116
produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food.
Absorptive cells.
117
produce protective mucus
Goblet cells
118
help protect intestinal epithelium from bacteria
granular cells
119
produce regulatory hormones
Endocrine cells
120
The epithelial cells in the intestinal walls produce two major enzyme groups
(1) peptidases and (2) disaccharidases
121
digest
proteins. They break the peptide bonds in proteins to form amino acids.
Peptidases
122
disaccharides to
monosaccharides
disaccharides
123
proceed along
the length of the intestine for variable
distances and cause the chyme to move
along the small intestine
-Peristaltic contractions
124
are
propagated for only short distances and
mix intestinal contents
-Segmental contractions
125
The largest internal organ and weights about ____ kg
liver , 1.36 kg
126
takes oxygen rich blood to the liver
Hepatic artery
127
carries blood that is oxygen poor but rich in absorbed nutrients
and other substances form digestive tract
Hepatic portal vein
128
Blood exit through the hepatic vein
Hepatic vein
129
The right and left lobes are separated by a connective
tissue septum, called the
falciform (FAL-si-form) ligament
130
processes nutrient and
detoxifies harmful substances form
the blood.
liver
131
The liver produce and secretes about
______ L of bile each day.
600 -1000 L
132
complex alkaline solutions
that contain bile salts, bile
pigments (BILIRUBIN), cholesterol,
lipids, lipid soluble hormone, and
lecithin( mixture of
phospholipids).
bile
133
can remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen
liver
134
retroperitoneal and posterior to the stomach
pancreas
135
composed of both endocrine and
exocrine tissues
pancreas
136
pancreatic
islets, or islets of Langerhans that
produce the hormone insulin and
glucagon.
endocrine
137
composed of acinar
glands. Acini cells produce
digestive enzymes that empties
into the pancreatic duct
exocrine
138
EXOCRINE - composed of acinar
glands. ____ produce
digestive enzymes that empties
into the pancreatic duct
Acini cells
139
function of pancreas
neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the
small intestine from the stomach.
140
The major protein digesting enzyme (PROTEOLYTIC)
(1)Trypsin
(2)chymotrypsin and (3) carboxypeptidase.
141
continue the polysaccharide digestion that began in the
oral cavity.
Pancreatic amylase
142
lipid digesting enzyme
lipase
143
degrade DNA and RNA into nucleotides.
Nucleases
144
extends from ileocecal junction to the anus. Absorbs water and converted into feces.
large intestines
145
process of elimination of feces
defecation
146
large intestine, small pouches of the
peritoneum filled with fat
omental appendices
147
large intestine, are saccules in the colon
that give it its segmented
appearance.
haustra
148
large intestine, small pouches of the peritoneum
filled with fat and situated along the
colon and upper part of the rectum
teniae coli
149
large intestine consists of four parts:
(1) cecum, (2) colon, (3) rectum, and (4) anal canal.
150
proximal end of the
large intestines where it joins
the small intestine in the
ileocecal junction. Located on
the right lower quadrant of the
abdomen. Attached to the
cecum is the appendix.
cecum
151
Attached to the
cecum is the
appendix
152
approximately 1.5 –
1.8 m long and can be divided
into four parts: ascending,
transverse, descending and
sigmoid (terminal portion). The
mucosal lining of the colon is
crypts, which contains many
mucous producing goblet cells.
colon
153
how long is a colon
approximately 1.5 –
1.8 m long
154
colon can be divided
into four parts:
ascending,
transverse, descending and
sigmoid (terminal portion).
155
The
mucosal lining of the colon is
___, which contains many
mucous producing ____ cells.
crypts, goblet cells
156
straight muscular
tube that begins in the
termination of sigmoid colon
and anal canal. The muscular
tunic is composed od smooth
muscle and is relatively thick
in the rectum compared to the
rest of the digestive tract.
rectum
157
the last 2-3
cm of digestive tract. Begins
at the inferior end of rectum
and ends at the anal canal
anal canal
