Booklet 1 - Foreigners in China 1860s

Question 1

the main reason that Britain beat China in the 2 wars was..

Answer 1

the technologies developed during the industrial revolution

Question 2

when was end of second opium war?

Answer 2

1860

Question 3

after second opium war, Britain had control over key treaty ports along the Chinese coast. the british were able to keep control by..

Answer 3

using their naval steam power technologies. these ships brought in modern mass-produced goods to China and disrupted the traditional artisan-based economy.

Question 4

during the two wars against britain, what ships did Britain use?

Answer 4

iron-hulled steam powered battleships
modern naval artillery

Question 5

before foreign influence, what boats had been on China’s rivers? 2 things

Answer 5

• traditional Chinese junks (2 sailed boat)
• sampans (small peasant fishing boat)

Question 6

2 steam companies owned by foreigners

Answer 6

• shanghai steam navigation company
• yangtze steamer company

operated by merchants, such as Jardine, who had grown wealthy from the Opium war

Question 7

extraterritoriality relating to the steamship industry

Answer 7

foreign captains were hired to pilot Chinese ships, meaning that the industry couldn’t operate without foreign involvement.

Question 8

why did the Chinese dislike the railway, and where was it initially put?

Answer 8

they said the foreigners ignored the chinese practice of feng shui

developed faster in northern china than the south, because the south was connected by steamships.

Question 9

after 1860, what was the main cause of anti-foreign rebellions and uprisings?

Answer 9

railways
- helped the europeans and japanese to penetrate even deeper into china
- dominating trade
- spreading christianity through the work of missionaries

Question 10

in 1860, what did russia do?

Answer 10

seized Vladivostok from china

Question 11

when does the self strengthening movement begin

Answer 11

1861

Question 12

who caused the start of the self strengthening movement

Answer 12

Li Hongzhang (a mandarin - a Qing senior administrator)

Question 13

what was the self strengthening movement

Answer 13

3 decades of economic reform

Question 14

what did Li Hongzhang say

Answer 14

in order to force foreign armies out, China must be first economically powerful

Question 15

name of the chinese intellectual who first suggested self strengthening

Answer 15

feng guifen in 1861

Question 16

first phase of self strengthening

Answer 16

1860s
- development of military power (purchasing european iron-hulled battleships, established shipyards, officers were sent to be trained in germany, britain and usa)
- acquisition of scientific ideas (scientific texts translated into chinese, qing gov hired british/european engineers to transform china’s munitions industry)

Question 17

when was the burning of the summer palace

Answer 17

1860

Question 18

what treaty was in 1860

Answer 18

treaty of tianjin

Question 19

what treaty was in 1842

Answer 19

nanjing

Question 20

treaty of tianjin

Answer 20

• ambassadors
• missionaries
• 10 more treaty ports (including 4 on the Yangtze river)
• opium legalised
• $4 reparations

Question 21

why did foreigners burn the summer palace?

Answer 21

chinese resistance to western influence

20,000 European troops sent

palace was looted and burnt. (palace = complex of palaces, museums, libraries and gardens)

Question 22

when was the taiping attack

Answer 22

august 1860

Question 23

when was the Jiangnan arsenal commissioned

Answer 23

1865 in shanghai

Question 24

treaty of tianjin led to..

Answer 24

self strengthening movement

Question 25

what does HSBC stand for and when was it formed

Answer 25

hong kong and shanghai banking company 1865

Question 26

who established the first Tongwen Guan

Answer 26

prince gong

Question 27

who established the first Tongwen Guan

Answer 27

prince gong

Question 28

when and where was the first tongwen guan

Answer 28

school of combined learning beijing 1862

Question 29

what did the tongwen guan do

Answer 29

hired western tutors to give instruction in english, french, russian and japanese

Question 30

fuzhou school

Answer 30

started in 1867 more than 100 pupils from local gentry families subjects such as: naval construction, geometry, calculus, french, english

Question 31

jiangnan arsenal school

Answer 31

students received an education in western maths and sciences while simultaneously learning about western machinery

Question 32

confucian thinking that..

Answer 32

china was superior to any other nation

Question 33

zongli yamen set up

Answer 33

1861

Question 34

what was the zongli yamen’s main function

Answer 34

to execute foreign policy (rather than to create it)

Question 35

translation of which book was commissioned by zongli yamen

Answer 35

Wheaton’s Elements of International Law 1862

Question 36

papers were submitted to the Zongli Yamen from.. and on what?

Answer 36

British advisors Robert Hart and Thomas Wade mid 1860s advocated industrial developments like rail and steam travel, mining and modern education and western diplomacy in response, the Zongli Yamen undertook a fact-finding mission across europe in 1866

Question 37

act of converting to christianity

Answer 37

proselytising

Question 38

from 1860-70, it slowly became customary for chinese women..

Answer 38

to ritually unbind their feet on joining the church. female converts received the same opportunities as males in protestant schools 100,000 protestant converts by 1900

Question 39

name of the orphanage where the tianjin massacre started

Answer 39

french church and orphanage: Notre Dame des Victoires on the site of a razed Buddhist temple

Question 40

the chinese word for china is

Answer 40

zhongguo, meaning the middle kingdom/centre of the world

Question 41

who was Li Hongzhang

Answer 41

moderniser and skilled diplomat - organised resistance to Taiping Rebellion in 1860s

Question 42

when was the defeat of the Taiping rebellion

Answer 42

1864

Question 43

when is the Jiangnan arsenal established in Shanghai

Answer 43

1865

Question 44

when is the Fuzhou shipyard opened

Answer 44

1866 1867 school opened (100 pupils)

Question 45

in the 1860 Treaty of Tianjin, where were the treaty ports (10) put?

Answer 45

4 on the Yangtze river

Question 46

how many troops did britain send to burn the summer palace?

Answer 46

20,000

Question 47

what was the taiping rebellion

Answer 47

chinese movement from 1850-64 which supported social reform and the overthrow of the confucian system. successful against the qing army but were defeated by westerners (British, French, US)

Question 48

growth of foreign trade caused the evolution of

Answer 48

a new chinese commercial class: compradors. they were chinese who assisted foreign firms in their commerical dealings and became china’s first entrepreneurs.

Question 49

where was the centre of international chinese commerce and trade

Answer 49

shanghai

Question 50

when was the zongli yamen formed

Answer 50

1861

Question 51

when was the tianjin massacre (french orphanages)

Answer 51

1870 the catholic church/orphanage was built 1869

Question 52

When was the Japanese embassy in China?

Answer 52

set up in 1868 Marked a shift in regional dynamics

Question 53

When was the Sino-French war?

Answer 53

1865 tensions with France increased, leading to conflicts over missionaries and influence in Southern-China