Booklet 6 - Ideas and ideologies as factors promoting change Flashcards
(26 cards)
‘great economic power’
global leader, high GDP, bilateral/surplus trade, accessing raw materials, service-based economy
obstacles to chinese economic growth during Qing
- confucian beliefs
- Qing gov. don’t want to modernise
- foreigners control trade
- lack of skilled workers and technology
Qing encouragements for economic growth
self strengtehning movement 1861 (Cixi invests) - educational exchanges, shipyards etc.
foreign influence
compradors commercial class
war - don’t want to be defeated again.
ideologies behind economic growth - Qing
Li Hongzhang key figure. Cixi invested in SS movement
Fuzhou shipyard, Jiangnan arsenal, new ships
BUT Still hindered by foreigners and only want to be militarily strong.
ideologies behind economic growth - May Fourth Movement.
aka New Culture Movement.
1915-1924
wanted science, democracy and nationalism to prosper and replace confucianism.
turning point BUT angered foreigners (e.g. boycotted Japanese goods, created trade unions) so not significant LT
ideologies behind economic growth - Soviet Marxism
Mao said in 1949 that the USSR would be China’s teacher - first 5YP.
Economic advisors, heavy industry doubled by 1952.
significant in LT (but in ST Russia had extraterritoriality and China became dependent on them - especially during Korean War blockade).
ideologies behind economic growth - Maoism
‘walking on Two Legs’
State-led industrialisation. land reform and collectivisation across china.
people became so anti-maoism that they were open to deng’s reforms. Caused famine and reliance on USSR (1st FYP).
ideologies behind economic growth - capitalism
deng - four modernisations, one country two systems
created SEZs, rural China industrialised, loans from WB and IMF, farmers had autonomy to grow own crops, 9.6% annual growth.
BUT corruption still existed.
criteria across the period
Qing - global trade yes, bilateral trade no, class system (compradors)
Mao - raw materials accessed, trade increased with USSR, BUT dependent on USSR and isolated from capitalism
Deng - global leader yes (Tiananmen), social changes (electrification), trade surplus, stability.
foreign imports..
turned the chinese into consumers
90% increase in consumerism from 1980-1990 as it became normal to own TVs, refrigerators etc.
consumerism is a feature of a great economic power
coke, heinz, kodak - western companies keen to sell to the chinese market
main obstacle during Qing period
the imperial throne itself
dramatic economic change was seen as a threat to the rule/balance of confucian thinking.
society had a vested interest in maintaining the status quo
aims of the self-strengthening movement
Li argued that in order to force foreign armies from Chinese soil, China must first be economically powerful.
He also said that whilst the economy must be transformed, the imperial government should remain unchanged, as changes to the Qing dynasty might trigger a political/social revolution.
who first suggested the idea of a self-strengthening movement
intellectual Feng Guifen
demands for economic reform in the late 1800s
after defeats against Japan, students, the urban gentry and even peasants demanded that China adopt the same methods that Japan had embraced in order to defend itself against foreign aggression.
Cixi became increasingly unpopular and the civil service exams were openly criticised.
what were many self-strengtheners motivated by
the fear that China would be colonised by Europe or Japan
some scholars drew direct comparisons with British India.
merchants in the New Culture Movement
wanted a restoration of China’s rights, but only so that they could extend their own commercial interests in the treaty ports.
in Shanghai, Chinese businessmen aligned themselves with workers and trade unions and created the Shanghai Commercial Association.
USSR taught China how to adopt a
command economy
where all economic decisions are made centrally. businesses are forced to meet whatever targets are met and are told what to produce.
walking on two legs meaning
industry and agriculture developing simultaneously.
mao believed increased agricultural efficiency would free millions of peasants to move to cities and work in factories. the communes would provide enough food to feed these workers
mao’s focus on the peasants signalled..
a clear break with soviet marxism.
mao believed that the peasants would build china’s economic future
sharing
often tools and vital equipment were broken because they now belonged to nobody and so were not taken care of.
the government under mao declared a monopoly on
all grain
peasants were required to sell any surplus to the state at a fixed price.
peasants were expected to meet a quota, which often was unrealistic.
this created a black market for grain as desperate peasants paid high prices for food.
deng introduced
a state-controlled version of free market capitalism
when deng announced the economic reforms in 1978..
250 million lived in poverty
(1 billion population)
deng and rural villages
rural china became industrialised through the establishment of TVEs (Town and Village Enterprises) that were part run by the state and part-owned privately.
brought light industry to villages and alongside farming peasants were able to produce bicycles and small electrical goods.
