Booklet 1 - Impact of foreign culture (schools, missionaries, elite, Tianjin Massacre)

Question 1

what were foreign language schools intially for

Answer 1

international diplomacy
limited to translating treaties to prevent further foreign manipulation

Question 2

Jinshi - 4 points

Answer 2

civil service exams
unchanged since the Tang Dynasty
studied chinese classics and calligraphy
meant scholars were ignorant of the west

Question 3

how is prince gong significant

Answer 3

introduced the first language school - the Tongwen Guan in 1862
was a key part of the self strengthening movement as he planned schools for other cities

Question 4

tongwen guan - first foreign language school

Answer 4

1862
taught in english, french, russian, japanese
limited - as only 200 students at a time

Question 5

new schools planned for

Answer 5

shanghai and guangzhou
(by prince gong)

Question 6

school at the Fuzhou shipyard

Answer 6

1867 set up
100 pupils from local gentry family
french and english
practical and theory

Question 7

jiangnan arsenal school

Answer 7

european teachers
western maths and sciences
translation department to translate scientific texts into chinese

Question 8

significance of schools

Answer 8

introduced a generation of students to western learning

Question 9

who was sceptical of foreign schools

Answer 9

conservatives
they believed confucian thinking was superior
they also believed recent defeats were only due to inferior weaponry

Question 10

when was the Zongli Yamen set up

Answer 10

1861

Question 11

what was the Zongli Yamen

Answer 11

government department
responsible for managing relations with the west
executing foreign policy (not creating)

Question 12

who led Zongli Yamen

Answer 12

prince gong
focused on familiarisation with foreign law

Question 13

what did the Zongli Yamen do in 1862

Answer 13

commissioned the translation of Wheaton’s ‘Elements of International Law’

Question 14

papers submitted to Zongli Yamen

Answer 14

Hart and Wade (british advisors)
1860s
advocating industrial developments

Question 15

fact finding mission

Answer 15

informal 1866
led by Hart
across Europe
showed growing awareness of foreign cultures

Question 16

although lots of chinese citizens travelled internationally…

Answer 16

in the short term these foreign institutions didn’t affect china deeply
AND rural china was completely unaffected

Question 17

renegotiation of the tianjin treaty

Answer 17

1868
britain refused to make any concessions to make the treaty any less equal
showed that china being more aware of foreign culture didn’t make any significant changes

Question 18

when were missionaries given freedom to travel

Answer 18

1860
tianjin treaty

Question 19

chinese converts privileges

Answer 19

granted extraterritoriality
legal rights and protection

Question 20

why was christianity met with resistance

Answer 20

it challenged confucian orthodoxy

Question 21

1900 statistics - christian converts

Answer 21

700,000 catholics
100,000 protestants
BUT this was only 0.2% of the population

Question 22

how did missionary tracts spread so quickly - 3 reasons

Answer 22

• protestants produced huge quantities of literature which were publicly read out
• Taipings associated themselves with christianity (as it threatened the Qing)
• 1860 free movement to travel

Question 23

missionaries - relief

Answer 23

famine relief
refuges for curing opium addicts
orphanages

Question 24

missionaries - women (4 things)

Answer 24

most missionaries were women - literate and believed in sexual equality
christianity appealed to women as confucian thinking made them subserviant
same opportunities for women in protestant schools
became customary for women to unbind their feet on joining the church

Question 25

missionaries - schools (3 things)

Answer 25

set up schools which gave basic learning to thousands of chinese translated western works and filled gaps protestants had a more secular curriculum

Question 26

what year was the tianjin massacre

Answer 26

1870

Question 27

Tianjin massacre - tianjin as a place

Answer 27

site of the humiliating 1860 treaty (also was occupied by british and french) in 1869 the french built their church/orphanage on the site of a razed buddhist temple

Question 28

name of the french orphanage - Tianjin massacre

Answer 28

notre dame des victoires

Question 29

Tianjin massacre - site of church

Answer 29

built on the site of a razed buddhist temple disregarded chinese belief of feng shui

Question 30

rumours - Tianjin massacre

Answer 30

hearts and eyes of children used for western medicine and aphrodisiacs used in sex play between monks and nuns

Question 31

Tianjin massacre - the mob

Answer 31

the official investigation that absolved the orphanage did nothing to appease them a french diplomat demanded they disperse and fired his gun at the crowd. this killed the local magistrate’s servant and caused the mob to develop into a riot.

Question 32

Tianjin massacre - the riot itself

Answer 32

church and orphanage burnt french diplomat murdered 10 nuns, 2 priests and 2 french officials murdered british/american churches burnt

Question 33

Tianjin massacre - foreign response

Answer 33

foreign gunboats were dispatched lihongzhang negotiated with them

Question 34

Tianjin massacre - Li Hongzhang’s negotiations

Answer 34

- execution/exiling of leaders - he sent a delegation to france as a formal apology - indemnity to compensate lives lost and property damaged

Question 35

Tianjin massacre - did it have a significant impact

Answer 35

it didn’t stop attacks on missionaries it caused a cycle of attacks followed by western reprisals as the chinese were continually antagonised

Question 36

Tianjin massacre - what did it illustrate overall

Answer 36

the relationship between china and the west - with the slightest provocation, foreign powers imposed their will without Qing assistance