Booklet 1 - Treaty of Tianjin Flashcards
(13 cards)
when was the treaty of tianjin
1858
but was ratified in 1860 (and in this year they added the convention of beijing)
4 main points of the Tianjin Treaty
foreign ambassadors in beijing, free movement of missionaries, 10 new treaty ports (4 on Yangtze), opium legalised
what was the emperor’s response to the 1858 treaty
when Britain and France travelled to Beijing, the emperor defiantly oposed Beijing embassies. this caused the foreigners to attack Tianjin and the Summer Palace.
British/French forces attacking in 1859/60
1859 - attacked Tianjin
1860 - 20,000 force destroyed the Summer Palace - looted and burned
Convention of Beijing
added to the Treaty of Tianjin in 1860
further $8 million indemnity
and the emperor was to apologise to the foreigners
in 1860, what expanded?
Britain’s rights over the Hong Kong area.
Russia took advantage of this to seize the territory around Vladivostok.
after the treaty, how was the west portrayed
as the exploiter and the saviour simultaneously.
the west were only upholding the Qing regime to protect its gains and encourage development/trade.
what was formed after the treaty?
the Ever Victorious Army (western mercenaries grouped together to protect Shanghai from the Taiping Rebellion).
in 1862, this force was 5000 strong.
Taiping Rebellion
1850-64
defeated by foreign forces.
they supported social reform and the end of confucian thinking, but were not pro-foreign. they felt discontent after china’s defeats.
main consequence of the treaty
end of chinese era of superiority
need to start modernising - start of self strengthening
what did the end of the taiping rebellion show
how western military support was central to China’s stability - weakness of Qing
self strengthening movement - why was it started
to sustain the Qing dynasty - the Mandate of Heaven was restored after new emperor Tongzhi was put in power so all that was needed was a western-style military.
after the 1860 unequal treaty
4 examples of self-strengthening
1865 jiangnan arsenal commissioned in shanghai
1866 fuzhou shipyard
tianjin machine factory
promising students sent abroad
