Booklet 6 - The growth of mining and manufacturing Flashcards
(23 cards)
Criteria for successful industrialisation
stable economy, economic growth, machines/modernisation, trade, potential social changes
How did textile production change by 1930
1860 - China still rural and domestic economy.
British cotton dominated Chinese markets. By 1900, China was the biggest cotton importer. Chinese livelihoods destroyed and China dependent on foreign imports.
1930 - Shanghai most industrialised city. 50% work in textiles.
Increase in the workforce - textiles
30,000 in 1921 to 130,000 in 1930 as Chinese exports increased
Many women - strikes in 1921 and 1925 caused factory workers to employ more women as they were seen as less militant. Was considered an ‘unskilled’ labour so women were paid less.
Manchuria as mutually beneficial
- united against westerners. Japan previously bound by Chinese supremacy.
- China had raw materials and Japan helped them modernise.
^ after Japan leave, the CCP use Manchuria as their base (showing the strength of the region).
Japan industrialising Manchuko
- rail/road expansion programmes. The Mantetsu company who owned most of the railway also build mines/harbours/towns across the lines.
- Japanese engineers/technicians.
- Kwantung army worked with private businesses.
pre-Japanese industrialisation, what was happening?
Germany was industrialising China.
However, they only gave advice/investment. Germany invested in the railway.
dates for Japan in Manchuria.
1931 - Mukden and invasion.
1932 - Manchuko under Puyi.
1945 - Leave
Industrialisation under First Five Year Plan (1952-57) - successful
Better access to raw materials: steel production increased from 1.3 million tonnes to 5.2 million tonnes a year. Coal production doubled.
Skilled labour increased as better technology and trade links improved.
Economic growth of 9%
Industrialisation under First Five Year Plan (1952-57) - unsuccessful
Grain was requisitioned from the countryside to pay USSR for its investment and expertise. Caused rural hunger and part of the 1958-62 Great Famine (killed 40 million).
Not all aims achieved.
High interest foreign loans.
how was PRC able to (mainly) succeed in the First Five Year Plan? (4 points)
- ussr aid (1950 treaty - money/equipment/15,000 engineers)
- mao as a dictator - allowed collectivisation, more stable government, 800,000 businesses taken from owners in 1956.
- taking grain from countryside
- gov expenditure doubled for economic development
Electrification overview of key dates
1949 onwards - hydroelectric and coal
Mao focused on hydro in the first 5yp.
World Bank loans ringfenced from 1980 onwards. By 1997, 1 billion people had access.
Technological developments - Mao
- wanted to copy USSR in first 5YP
- hindered in the Cultural Revolution
- hindered in the 2nd 5YP due to impact of famine (destabilised economy and killed 40 million).
Technological developments - USSR contributions
1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty (until 1960 when support was withdrawn)
Money, advisors, 15,000 engineers.
80% of STEM books were Russian
Technological developments - Deng
- 4 modernisations
- US relationship improved - 1979 visit to NASA. Education exchanges
- Hybrid capitalism - black/white cat.
- Deng stopped the CR - academics released from prison
Technological developments - US contributions
- investments
- technology factories e.g. Nike
- SEZ (special economic zones) e.g. Shanghai - foreign investment encouraged. In the 1980s, 60% of foreign investment came through HK.
why did Japan want to industrialise in Manchuria
industrialisation and economic expansion
to access the mineral wealth (e.g. Coal).
invested nearly 6 billion yen into industry which allowed trade towns to develop (e.g. Mukden).
problems with industrialisation across the period
Qing - only in the port cities and under foreigners. Isolated.
GMD - only from 1936 onwards. Japan only did it in Manchuria from 1937.
Mao - FYP had high loans/cuts which in the short term reduced economy. Cultural Revolution.
Deng - already industrialised by this point. only made it more successful. Economic growth/trade increased.
first foreign power in textiles + year
1842 Nanjing Treaty gave Britain the right to sell cotton garments directly into china
widespread unrest targeted at foreign cotton imports caused 1860s riots in Guangzhou as Chinese were unable to compete.
1870s textile industry
woven cloth from british india was cheaper imported
than raw chinese cotton
Stalin and industrialisation
stalin’s death in 1953 pushed for further industrialisation
as he had demanded moderation
changing communications
1860, 1868, 1881, 1922, 1965
1860 - british defeat china the second time and open up more port cities
1868 - first chinese steamships set sail
1881 - first section of railway laid
1922 - SYS’s railway plan announced
1965 - mao’s third front begins in western china
industrial development changes
1860, 1930, 1949, 1953
1860 - cotton riots in guangzhou over forieng imports
1930 - shanghai becomes the biggest cotton producer
1949 - nationalising chinese industry begins
1953 - first 5YP
technological innovation in the digital age
when Deng visited the USA, both countries signed 25 protocols for co-operation in scientific and technological projects. chinese technicians visited US laboratories + factories.
SEZs e.g. Shenzhen - international high-technology manufacturers (computers/micro chips etc).
Also were markets for finished products.
These younger ‘technocrats’ had grown up with Deng’s reforms since 1978 and accepted technology.
