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Theriogenology > Bovine Reproductive Failures > Flashcards

Bovine Reproductive Failures Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 causes of failure of fertilisation

A
  1. Poor ova quality
  2. Poor sperm quality
  3. Timing of insemination
  4. Insemination technique
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2
Q

What insemination factors can cause a failure of fertilisation?

A
  1. Insemination technique

2. Timing of insemination

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3
Q

Ovulation delay/failure can cause what?

A

Fertilisation failure

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4
Q

What 3 factors affect sperm quality??

A
  1. Heat stress
  2. Semen handling
  3. Semen preservation technique
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5
Q

Poor endocrine environment adversely affects _____ development and _____ quality.

A

Poor endocrine environment environment adversely affects follicle development and oocyte quality.

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6
Q

Impaired luteal function affects what 3 aspects of fertility?

A
  1. Early embryonic development
  2. Maternal recognition of pregnancy
  3. Implantation
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7
Q

Impaired function of the endometrium affects what 3 aspects of fertility?

A
  1. Early embryonic development
  2. Maternal recognition of pregnancy
  3. Implantation
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8
Q

Name 3 causes of freemartinism.

A
  1. Heterosexual twin
  2. Fusion of chorioallantois
  3. Chimeras
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9
Q

What is the best diagnostic method to determine subclinical endometritis in the cow?

A

Uterine cytology

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10
Q

What is the vaginal discharge score for clinical endometritis?

A

4-5

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11
Q

What is the vaginal discharge score for subclinical endometritis?

A

2 - 3

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12
Q

Puerperal metritis is an a____ s_____ b_____ disease

A

Puerperal metritis is an acute systemic bacterial disease

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13
Q

What is metritis treated with?

A

Parenteral antimicrobial (oxytet, penicillin)

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14
Q

What is endometritis treated with?

A 
PGF (luteolysis)
Uterine antimicrobials (cephapirin)
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15
Q

What method of diagnosis is best used for bacterial abortions?

A

Bacterial isolation

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16
Q

Is Brucellosis zoonotic?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Is Brucellosis found in Australia?

A

No

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18
Q

How is Brucella abortus transmitted?

A

Ingestion/inhalation of contaminated material

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19
Q

Name 3 signs of Brucellosis

A
  1. Metritis
  2. RFM
  3. Abortion
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20
Q

Brucellosis causes abortion > 5 month. True/False?

A

True

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21
Q

How is Campylobacter fetus transmitted?

A

Venereal transmission

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22
Q

Bulls are the main source of Campylobacter fetus. True/False?

A

True

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23
Q

Repeat breeders is a sign of what?

A

Campylobacter fetus spp

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24
Q

An irregular and delayed return to oestrus and longer calving season is a sign of…….

A

Campylobacter fetus spp infection

25
Q

Where does Leptospirosis persist in the animal?

A

Renal and genital tracts

26
Q

What is the hallmark sign of a Leptospirosis infection?

A

abortion storms

27
Q

How is Leptospirosis transmitted (2 ways)?

A

Urine

Venereal

28
Q

Spoiled silage can lead the transmission of what bacteria?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

29
Q

‘Droopy cow’ describes when half an animal’s face appears to droop. What type of bacteria causes this?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

30
Q

An autolysed fetus is a sign of what bacterial infection?

A

Listeria/listeriosis

31
Q

What time of year is the incidence of mycotic abortions the highest?

A

Winter

32
Q

What is the main causative agent of mycotic abortions?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

33
Q

What causes necrotizing placentitis with a leathery appearance?

A

Mycotic abortions

34
Q

Fetal skin lesions are associated with…..

A

Mycotic abortions

35
Q

Is Bovine Herpes Virus (BHV 1-5) a latent infection?

A

Yes- latent

36
Q

What are the 2 routes of transmission for BHV?

A
  1. Venereal

2. Direct contact (aborted fetus)

37
Q

Sporadic abortions can occur with BHV due to previous exposure or vaccination. True/False?

A

True

38
Q

Do abortion storms due to BHV occur in the non-vaccinated herd population or vaccinated/previously exposed herd population?

A

Non-vaccinated/non exposed herd population

39
Q

Where in the animal does BHV reside?

A

Placenta

40
Q

What is another name for Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV)?

A

Pestivirus

41
Q

BVDV persistent infected calves do not usually show any signs of disease, however they are still infected and do what?

A

Shed large amounts of virus

42
Q

A transplacental infection usually results in the calf being….

A

PI animal (persistently infected animal)

43
Q

The acute form of BVDV causes what?

A

Immune suppression

44
Q

BVDV infection results in what % reduction in pregnancy rates?

A

50% reduction

45
Q

How does a BVDV infection affect follicle size?

A

Smaller preovulatory and ovulatory dominant follicles

46
Q

How does BVDV affect E2 production?

A

Lower E2 production

Delayed E2 peak

47
Q

How does BVDV affect LH peaks?

A

Reduced LH peaks

Impaired luteinization

48
Q

How is Akabane virus transmitted?

A

Biting midges

49
Q

What happens if an animal is infected with Akabane virus at a young age?

A

Long lasting immunity develops

50
Q

What are the consequences if infection of Akabane virus occurs during pregnancy?

A

Fetal abnormalities

51
Q

If infected with Akabane virus >180 days, what is the incidence of abnormal calves?

A

Low 5-10%

52
Q

If infected with Akabane virus 80-150 days, what is the incidence of abnormal calves?

A

40%

53
Q

Name 2 protozoal causes of infertility and abortion in the cow.

A
  1. Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas fetus)

2. Neosporosis (Neospora caninum)

54
Q

What are the definitive hosts of Neospora caninum?

A

Dogs/canids

55
Q

Neospora caninum an intracellular host. True/false

A

True

56
Q

How is Trichomonas foetus transmitted?

A

Coitus

57
Q

Which protozoa causes mummified/autolysed fetus?

A

Neospora caninum

58
Q

Which protozoa is associated with repeat breeders?

A

Trichomonas foetus

Theriogenology (12 decks)

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