Equine Preg Problems And Dystocia

Question 1

Twins are the results of what?

Answer 1

Multiple ovulations

Question 2

What % of mares efficiency reduce twin pregnancies?

Answer 2

> 80%

Question 3

What treatment can be done pre fixation (<16 days)?

Answer 3

Embryo crush

Question 4

What treatment method for twins post fixation (up to 35 days)?

Answer 4

Embryo crush

Transvaginal ultrasound aspiration

Question 5

What is the treatment for twins after endometrial cup formations (55-110 days)?

Answer 5

Cranio-cervical dislocation

Question 6

What is the treatment for twins after endometrial cup formation (>100 days)

Answer 6

Transcutaneous foetal injection

Question 7

Foetal death in-utero without bacterial contamination

Answer 7

Foetal mummification

Question 8

Foetal death in-utero and bacterial contamination

Answer 8

Foetal maceration

Question 9

In which trimester does uterine torsion occur?

Answer 9

Last trimester

Question 10

What is a surgical method of treatment for uterine torsion?

Answer 10

Standing flank laparotomy

Question 11

What is hydroallantois/hydroamnion?

Answer 11

Accumulation of fluid

Question 12

What is the normal amount of fluid in the allantois or amnion?

Answer 12

8-18L

Question 13

What is the treatment for hydrops?

Answer 13

Induce parturition and supportive care.

Question 14

Fescue toxicosis causes what?

Answer 14

Reduction of prolactin

Question 15

What causes a reduction of prolactin in fescue toxicosis?

Answer 15

Alkaloids act as dopamine receptor agonists

Question 16

What is red bag?

Answer 16

Placental separation prematurely. Chorioallantois fails to rupture

Question 17

What are the two methods of fescue toxicosis management?

Answer 17

1. Pasture management

2. Dopamine antagonist

Question 18

What is the incidence of dystocia in mares?

Answer 18

1-10%

Question 19

Hydrocephalus occurs in what breeds?

Answer 19

Pony breeds

Question 20

The best prognosis for dystocia occurs before what period of time after the chorioallantoic rupture?

Answer 20

<60min

Question 21

What 3 procedures can be conducted to deliver a a difficult birth with a live goal?

Answer 21

C section
Assisted vaginal delivery
Controlled vaginal delivery

Question 22

When does uterine/ovarian vessel rupture occur ?

Answer 22

At parturition

Question 23

What must be avoided in a mare with a uterine/ovarian vessel rupture?

Answer 23

Avoid a raise in blood pressure

Question 24

Necrotic vaginitis is common in which breed of horse?

Answer 24

Miniature horses

Question 25

What causes necrotic vaginitis?

Answer 25

Vaginal mucosa bruising followed by a bacterial invasion

Question 26

How long post partum does RFM occur in the mare?

Answer 26

>3-6 hours PP

Question 27

Name 6 risk factors that may lead to RFM.

Answer 27

``` Abortion C section Twins Dystocia Placentitis Uterine inertia ```

Question 28

What 2 drugs can be given to treat RFM?

Answer 28

Oxytocin | Ca gluconate

Question 29

When should the Burns technique be implemented post foaling?

Answer 29

4-6hrs

Question 30

What does the Burns technique involve?

Answer 30

Distension of the chorioallantoic space with isotonic fluid

Question 31

After 6-12hrs post foaling, what RFM treatment should be implemented?

Answer 31

Antibiotics | Exercise

Question 32

What type of NSAID is usually given to mares with RFM?

Answer 32

Flunixin meglumine

Question 33

Uterine lavage is another treatment for RFM. How often should this be done and what solution is used?

Answer 33

1-2 times a day | Isotonic saline.

Question 34

RFM can induce what other conditions?

Answer 34

Metritis Septicemia Laminitis

Question 35

If a mare develops laminitis as a result of RFM, what 4 protocols should be followed?

Answer 35

Frog support Ice feet Radiographs Extra bedding

Question 36

Within how many days post foaling does metritis usually occur?

Answer 36

<10 days

Question 37

What is the main cause of metritis in mares post partum?

Answer 37

Disrupted endometrium mucosa due to E. coli endotoxins

Question 38

What is the major factor that increases the incidence of metritis in the mare post partum?

Answer 38

Traumatic foaling

Question 39

What type of fluid is observed in an ultrasound of the uterus in a case of metritis?

Answer 39

Echogenic fluid

Question 40

In a mare with post partum metritis, what is significant in a CBC?

Answer 40

Left shift neutropenia

Question 41

In a mare with metritis, palpation per rectum reveals what?

Answer 41

Enlarged atonic uterus