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Theriogenology > Equine Reproductive Failures > Flashcards

Equine Reproductive Failures Flashcards

1
Q

When does the highest pregnancy loss occur?

A

within the first 14 days

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2
Q

Why is there an increased pregnancy loss rate in older mares?

A

More likely to produce defective oocytes

Lack of oocytes reaching oviducts

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3
Q

What happens when early embryonic death occurs before maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

Normal inter-oestrus interval

EED unsuspected

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4
Q

What is the suspect cause of EED?

A

Low P4

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5
Q

What is the normal growth rate of an embryo (mm/day)?

A

3mm/day

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6
Q

After how many days does the embryo fix at the base of the uterine horn?

A

16 days

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7
Q

When is heartbeat check done?

A

28 days

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8
Q

What should you do if the embryo is not progressing and does not look good after rechecking?

A

Abort

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9
Q

What vesicle size indicates that there is an abnormalilty?

A

Small vesicle

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10
Q

A continued mobility of vesicle upon ultrasound indicates what?

A

Abnormal development

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11
Q

Name the 5 things to check upon embryo assessment

A
  1. Size of vesicle
  2. Mobility of vesicle
  3. Fluid presence surrounding vesicle
  4. Appearance of conceptus
  5. Heart beat
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12
Q

Is fluid surrounding the vesicle normal? What does it indicate?

A

No. Endometrial oedema

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13
Q

What two things should you do if a lymphatic cyst is discovered upon ultrasound?

A
  1. Map out location

2. Determine size of cyst

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14
Q

Name the 3 methods of cyst ablation

A
  1. Mechanical removal
  2. Puncture and aspirate
  3. Laser therapy
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15
Q

What is the incidence rate of abortion?

A

5-15%

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16
Q

Abortion is the _____ of the pregnancy before the foetus is capable of _____ life

A

Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before the foetus is capable of extrauterine life.

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17
Q

What 3 infectious agents are associated with abortion storms?

A
  1. Equine herpes virus type 1
  2. Equine herpes virus type 3
  3. Mare Reproductive Failure Syndrome
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18
Q

What must you be careful of when handling the foetus/foetal membranes?

A

Infectious agents - disinfect

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19
Q

What are the 4 routes of transmission for Equine Herpes Virus?

A
  1. Transplacental
  2. Aerosol
  3. Nasal mucosa
  4. Aborted foetus
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20
Q

How can a mare pass EHV to her unborn foal?

A

Transplacental transmission

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21
Q

What % of abortions are caused by EHV?

A

10-15%

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22
Q

What type of EHV is associated with respiratory disease?

A

EHV 1

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23
Q

What two breeds have the highest prevalence of Equine Viral Arteritis?

A

Standardbreds and warmbloods

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24
Q

Is the mare or the stallion the carrier for Equine Viral Arteritis?

A

Stallion

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25
Q

Natural infection stimulates strong long lasting immunity in which virus?

A

EVA (Equine Viral Arteritis)

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26
Q

What insect causes Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome?

A

Eastern tent caterpillar

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27
Q

What insect causes Equine Amnionitis and fetal loss (EAFL) in Australia?

A

Processionary caterpillar

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28
Q

Why does caterpillar ingestion cause abortions?

A

Exoskeleton/hairs

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29
Q

What bacterium is carried by birds?

A

Chlamydia psittaci

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30
Q

Taylorella equigenitalis is responsible for what disease?

A

Contagious equine metritis

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31
Q

What disease causes a shortened dioestrus in mares?

A

Contagious equine metritis

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32
Q

What are the 3 swab sites from the stallion that are used to diagnose contagious equine metritis?

A
  1. Urethra
  2. Urethral fossa
  3. Penile sheath
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33
Q

What are the 2 swab sites from the mare that are used to culture and diagnose contagious equine metritis?

A
  1. Clitoral fossa

2. Clitoral sinuses

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34
Q

Which diagnostic method for contagious equine metritis is the most reliable?

A

PCR

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35
Q

What is the incidence rate of placentitis?

A

3-7%

36
Q

What is the most common type of placentitis?

A

Ascending

37
Q

What are the 3 aetiologies of placentitis?

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Haematogenous
  3. Nocardioform
38
Q

What is the normal foetal heart rate before day 160 of gestation?

A

160 BPM

39
Q

What is the best method to diagnose twins?

A

Transrectal ultrasound

40
Q

How many days post ovulation is an ultrasound done?

A

14-15 days

41
Q

What 2 things do you check for in a transrectal ultrasound?

A
  1. Check ovaries

2. Count CLs

42
Q

How many days post OV does fixation of the embryo occur?

A

16 days

43
Q

Where does fixation occur?

A

Base of the uterine horn

44
Q

What is the best method of removing an embryo pre-fixation?

A

Embryonic crushing

45
Q

If the embryos are bilateral during post fixation phase, what is the best method of twin management up to day 35?

A

Embryonic crush

46
Q

If the embryos are unilateral during post fixation phase, what is the best management methods up to day 35?

A

Recheck in a couple of days

47
Q

Which breeds have the highest risk of multiple ovulations?

A

TB, draught horses, quarter horses and standardbreds

48
Q

Mares are very efficient at reducing twins to a single pregnancy. True/False?

A

True

49
Q

What is the most common form of twin pregnancy?

A

Unicornial

50
Q

What is a diagnostic method used to detect foetal heart beat?

A

Colour doppler

51
Q

What is one twin management method during post fixation that can be done prior to day 35?

A

Transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration

52
Q

What procedures can be done to remove a twin pregnancy after the endometrial cups form during the post fixation phase (>35 days)

A

Cranio-cervical dislocation

Transcutaneous foetal injection

53
Q

After how many days post OV can a transcutaneous foetal injection be carried out?

A

> 100 days

54
Q

What is the normal length of an umbilical cord?

A

<80cm

55
Q

How many twists indicate a torsion?

A

> 12 twists

56
Q

What are the 4 things you should first check when a mare is not cycling?

A
  1. Spring transition
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Ovarian abnormalities
  4. Developmental abnormalities
57
Q

What is the normal karyotype in mares?

A

64XX

58
Q

What diagnosis can be used to determine chromosomal abnormalities?

A

History
Physical examination
Blood sample for karyotyping

59
Q

What are the signs of a granulosa cell tumors in mares?

A

Stallion like behaviour

Anestrus

60
Q

What 3 diagnostic methods can be used to determine a GCT?

A
  1. Palpation
  2. US
  3. Hormones
61
Q

What is the hallmark hormone test for granulosa cell tumor?

A

Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

62
Q

What is the preferred method of resolving a granulosa cell tumor?

A

Surgical removal of ovary

63
Q

What are the two types of anovulatory follicles?

A
  1. Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle

2. Persistent anovulatory follicle

64
Q

What does HAF stand for?

A

Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle

65
Q

What does PAF stand for?

A

Persistent anovulatory follicle

66
Q

During what time of year are anovulatory follicles more persistant?

A

Autumn

67
Q

What are 4 contributing factors to the ‘problem mare’?

A
  1. Not being able to carry a foal to term
  2. Know reproductive pathology
  3. Behavioural issues related to reproduction
  4. Not becoming pregnant after being bred to a fertile stallion over 3 oestrus cycles
68
Q

What are the 3 most common reproductive abnormalities in a mare?

A
  1. Failure to ovulate
  2. Bacterial endometritis
  3. Persistent post mating endometritis
69
Q

What are 3 contributing factors to Persistent post mating endometritis (PMIE)?

A
  1. Poor lymphatic drainage
  2. Poor conformation
  3. Poor contractions
70
Q

Poor c_____, poor c_______ and poor l______ are all contributing factors to PMIE

A

Poor contractions, poor conformation and poor lymphatics are all contributing factors to PMIE

71
Q

What are 3 ecbolic treatment methods for PMIE?

A
  1. Oxytocin
  2. Prostaglandin
  3. Uterine lavage
72
Q

What 2 things should be minimised to help manage PMIE?

A
  1. Uterine contamination

2. Number of breedings

73
Q

What are the 3 seals that protect the mares genital tract?

A
  1. Vulvar seal
  2. Vestibulovaginal seal
  3. Cervix
74
Q

The vulvar lips should be evenly ____ and ____ orientated.

A

The vulvar lips should be evenly closed and vertically orientated

75
Q

What fraction of the vulvar should be distal to the level of the ischial arch?

A

2/3

76
Q

H______, S____, P____ ___ and C___ ____ should be taken into account when forming a diagnosis for a mare.

A

History, signs, physical exam and common pathogens should be taken into account when forming a diagnosis for a mare.

77
Q

What number of neutrophils/high power field indicate active inflammation in a mare’s uterine cytology?

A

1-2 NTP/hpf

78
Q

What number of neutrophils/high power field indicates moderate-severe inflammation?

A

> 5 NTP/hpf

79
Q

What is the gold standard test for endometritis?

A

Endometrial biopsy

80
Q

C___ s___, u____ e____ s____ and r___ c___ d___ are all procedures which correct the damaged physical barrier in a case of physometra.

A

Caslick’s surgery, urethral extension surgery and repairing cervical damage are all procedures which correct the damaged physical barrier in a case of physometra.

81
Q

Name 3 disinfectants that can be used to treat endometritis.

A
  1. Iodine solution
  2. Acetic acid/vinegar
  3. Hydrogen peroxide
82
Q

What disinfectant is NOT suitable for use to treat endometritis?

A

Chlorhexidine

83
Q

What 3 chelators can be used to treat endometritis?

A
  1. EDTA-tris
  2. N-acetylcysteine
  3. DMSO solutions
84
Q

What do chelators do?

A

Break down biofilms of pathogens

85
Q

Name 3 antifungal agents that can be used to treat endometritis.

A
  1. Nystatin
  2. Clotrimazole
  3. Fluconazole

Theriogenology (12 decks)

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