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Theriogenology > Canine and Feline Reproductive Failures > Flashcards

Canine and Feline Reproductive Failures Flashcards

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1
Q

When in lactation is hypocalcaemia usually observed in bitches?

A

Early lactation

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2
Q

What breeds is hypocalcaemia common in?

A

Toy/small breeds with large litters

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3
Q

What are 3 clinical signs of hypocalcaemia in the early stages?

A
  1. Behavioural changes
  2. Tachycardia
  3. Fever
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4
Q

In the late stages of milk fever/hypocalcemia, what are 3 serious clinical signs in the bitch?

A
  1. Convulsions
  2. Muscle spasms
  3. Recumbency
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5
Q

What are 2 measures of calcium in the blood that can be used in diagnosing hypocalcaemia?

A
  1. Total Calcium

2. Ionised Calcium

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6
Q

Total calcium should

A

Total calcium <7mg/dl

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7
Q

Ionised calcium should =

A

<0.8mmol/L

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8
Q

What is given to the bitch to treat hypocalcaemia?

A

Ca gluconate

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9
Q

Ca gluconate should be given to treat hypocalcaemia in the bitch via IV slowly. True/False

A

True

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10
Q

How many days postpartum does acute puerperal metritis occur in the bitch?

A

0-7 days post partum

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11
Q

What colour is the discharge seen when a bitch has acute puerperal metritis?

A

Reddish/brown discharge

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12
Q

What is significant in a CBC of a bitch with acute puerperal metritis?

A

Leukocytosis

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13
Q

What is present in a cytology of a bitch with acute puerperal metritis?

A

Bacteria and polymorphonuclear cells

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14
Q

What ecbolic can be used to treat acute puerperal metritis in the bitch?

A

Oxytocin

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15
Q

What surgical procedure is used to treat acute puerperal metritis in the bitch?

A

Ovariohysterectomy

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16
Q

Name the 2 types of mastitis in the bitch

A
  1. Individual

2. Diffuse

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17
Q

Name the 3 types of bacteria that cause mastitis

A
  1. E. coli
  2. Streptococci
  3. Staphylococci
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18
Q

What is the hallmark sign of mastits?

A

Hot, swollen and painful mammary glands

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19
Q

What 2 antibiotics are used to treat mastitis in the bitch?

A
  1. Cephalexin

2. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid

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20
Q

Cephalexin and amoxicillin are safe for use in puppies. True/False?

A

True

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21
Q

Puppies must be removed from the bitch once treated for mastitis. True/False?

A

False (unless abscessation or gangrene)

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22
Q

What type of agalactica (primary or secondary) is more common in the bitch?

A

Secondary

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23
Q

What 2 drugs can be used to treat agalactica?

A
  1. Oxytocin

2. Metaclopramide

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24
Q

Pups should be encouraged to suckle when a bitch has agalactica. True/False?

A

True

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25
What is the hallmark sign of subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS) in the bitch?
Haemorrhagic vaginal discharge
26
What type of cells invade the endometrium and myometrium caused by subinvolution of placental sites?
Trophoblastic cells
27
Brucella canis is zoonotic. True/False?
True
28
What are the 2 main signs of a B. canis infection?
1. Abortion | 2. Prolonged vaginal discharge
29
What antimicrobial is used to treat a Campylobacter jejuni infection?
Erythromycin
30
Campylobacter jejuni has zoonotic potential. True/False?
True
31
Name 2 antimicrobials used to treat Salmonella in the bitch.
1. Amoxicillin | 2. Choramphenicol
32
Streptococci, mycoplasma and ureoplasma are all part of the normal vaginal flora. True/False?
True
33
What is the main risk factor associated with mycoplasma and/or ureoplasma infection?
Intense managed kennels
34
What is the prevalence of canine herpesvirus?
60-80%
35
Canine herpesvirus is latent in puppies. True/False?
False - latent in adult canines
36
Name 3 signs of a canine herpesvirus infection in a pregnant bitch.
1. Abortion 2. Mummification 3. Fading puppy syndrome
37
Canine distemper and Parvovirus can cause abortion in pregnant bitches. True/False?
True
38
What protozoa can cause pregnancy loss in the bitch?
Toxoplasma gondii
39
Apart from abortion, FLV is associated with.....
Foetal resorption
40
Feline panleukopenia virus is associated with abortion, EED and......
Cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens
41
Placental necrosis is associated with what type of virus in felines?
Feline herpesvirus
42
At what stage in a bitch's cycle is pyometra most likely to occur?
Dioestrus
43
Where in the bitch does pyometra occur?
Uterus
44
Where in the bitch does cystic endometrial hyperplasia occur?
Endometrium
45
Pyometra is more common in spayed bitches. True/False
False - mostly affects intact bitches
46
What type of bacteria is associated with pyometra/cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
E. coli
47
What is the average age of a bitch with pyometra?
7-8.5 years
48
How many weeks after being on heat does pyometra occur in the bitch?
4-12 weeks
49
Bitches with pyometra and an open cervix show signs of....
Mucopurulent discharge
50
When using vaginal cytology to diagnose a pyometra in the bitch, what type of cells are seen?
Degenerated neutrophils
51
When using a CBC to diagnose pyometra, what are the hallmark characteristics of the bloods to look for?
Leukocytosis - left shift neutrophilia)
52
A bitch with pyometra has an _____ uterus with ____ fluid
A bitch with pyometra has an enlarged uterus with cloudy fluid.
53
What is the treatment of choice for pyometra/cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
Ovariohysterectomy
54
What is the 2 medical treatments available for a bitch with pyometra/CEH that has breeding value?
Dopamine agonists | PGF
55
When treating a bitch with antibiotics for pyometra/CEH, how many days after the discharge stops should you continue with the antibiotics?
14 days
56
Why should a bitch recovering from pyometra/CEH be closely monitored? What is the risk post infection?
Uterine rupture
57
What is the treatment of choice for a hydrometra/mucometra/hematometra in the bitch?
Ovariohysterectomy
58
When does a vaginal prolapse usually occur in the bitch?
Near parturition | Proestrus
59
What hormone contributes to vaginal prolapse in the bitch?
E2
60
Name the 2 primary causes of vaginitis in the bitch
1. Brucella canis | 2. Herpesvirus
61
Vaginitis only occurs in intact bitches. True/False?
False - both intact and spayed
62
What is the most common type of tumour in intact bitches?
Mammary neoplasia
63
Name the 3 types of mammary neoplasia in the bitch
1. Mixed cell 2. Epithelial 3. Connective
64
What % of mammary tumours are malignant?
50%
65
How long after oestrus can mammary hypertrophy occur in the queen?
1-2 weeks
66
What drug is associated with mammary hypertrophy in the queen?
Progestin
67
Name the two treatment methods for mammary hypertrophy in the queen
1. Luteolysis | 2. Ovariohysterectomy
68
A benign fibroglandular proliferation is know as what in the queen?
Mammary hypertrophy
69
Epithelial tumours are what type of neoplasia?
Ovarian neoplasia
70
What is the most common type of ovarian neoplasia in the bitch?
Epithelial tumours
71
What surgical treatment is used for epithelial tumours in the bitch?
Ovariohysterectomy
72
What is the gold standard diagnostic method for germ cell tumours?
Histopathology
73
What is a unique clinical sign of ovarian cysts in the bitch?
Alopecia
74
Oestrogen levels are elevated when a bitch has ovarian cyst(s). True/False?
True
75
Name the 3 steps in sexual differentiation.
1. Chromosomal sex 2. Gonadal sex 3. Phenotypic sex
76
What is the most common chromosomal abnormality in dogs?
XXY syndrome (Klinefelter's syndrome)
77
How many chromosomes does a dog/cat with XXY syndrome have?
79 (dogs) | 39 (cats)
78
Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY syndrome) causes sterility in affected animals. True/False?
True
79
XO (Turner's) syndrome only affect males. True/False?
False - only affects females
80
How many chromosomes does a bitch with XO syndrome have?
77
81
Sex reversal occurs when the ____ sex does not agree with _________ sex.
Sex reversal occurs when the gonadal sex does not agree with chromosomal sex
82
What dog breed is known to be susceptible to sex reversal?
American cocker spaniel
83
What gene do you test the genomic DNA for in a dog with sex reversal?
Sry gene
84
Female pseudohermaphroditism occurs when the c_______ sex and the g_____ sex agree, but the p_____ and g_____ sex diagree.
Female pseudohermaphroditism occurs when the chromosomal sex and the gonadal sex agree, but the phenotypic and the gonadal sex disagree.
85
What breed of dog is susceptible to male pseudohermaphroditism?
Miniature schnauzer
86
What % of males with pseudohermaphroditism are cryptorchid?
50%
87
Males with pseudohermaphroditism have _______ ducts
Males with pseudohermaphroditism have mullerian ducts
88
Male pseudohermaphroditism is an autosomal recessive condition. True/False?
True
89
What is the most common cause of infertility in dogs?
Breeding by day of the cycle
90
What does the LH test do?
Predicts ovulation
91
A positive LH test is possible in spayed animals. True/False?
True
92
Name 2 methods of semen deposition in the bitch
1. Intrauterine | 2. Vaginal
93
Name 3 dog breeds that have a short interoestrus interval
1. German shepherds 2. Rottweilers 3. Basset hounds
94
The interoestrus should be less than how many months?
4 months
95
What is the main hormone tested for in a hormonal assay to identify post ovulation disorders?
AMH
96
Name 2 accidental post ovariohysterectomy problems
1. Ovarian remnant | 2. Stump pyometra

Theriogenology (12 decks)

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