brainstem: medulla

Question 1

lesions of long tract in brainstem result in a

Answer 1

contralateral deficit

Question 2

does the medulla contain dorsal or ventral horns? What about white funiculi?

Answer 2

Nope, nope and nope

Question 3

Alar plate gives rise to

Answer 3

sensory neurons

Question 4

basal plate gives rise to

Answer 4

motor neurons

Question 5

motor nuclei are _______ to sensory nuclei in the brainstem

Answer 5

medial

Question 6

somatosensory nuclei are

Answer 6

most lateral

Question 7

visceromotor and viscerosensory nuclei are

Answer 7

adjacent to the sulcus limitans

Question 8

somatic motor column

Answer 8

hypoglossal nucleus

Question 9

branchial motor column

Answer 9

N.Ambiguus

Question 10

visceral motor column

Answer 10

dorsal motor nucleus of X

Question 11

visceral sensory column

Answer 11

nucleus solitarius

Question 12

somatic sensory column

Answer 12

spinal nucleus of V

Question 13

were are most cranial nerve nuclei found?

Answer 13

in rostral medulla

Question 14

where is the essential center for heart rate and respiration

Answer 14

in medullary reticular formation

Question 15

what is important of the foramen of Luschka and Magendie

Answer 15

CSF exits to surround the CNS

Question 16

the only visceral sensory nucleus in medulla

Answer 16

nucleus solitarius

Question 17

major parasympathetic nucleus in the medulla

Answer 17

dorsal motor nucleus of X

Question 18

innervation of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 18

hypoglossal nucleus

Question 19

innervation of the larynx, pharynx, and soft palette

Answer 19

nucleus ambiguus of IX and X

Question 20

pain and temperature from the face and oral cavity

Answer 20

spinal V

Question 21

what are the two major pathways that decussate in the closed/caudal medulla?

Answer 21

1. motor decussation of the pyramidal tract

2. sensory decussation of the posterior/dorsal column pathway

Question 22

pre-central gyrus

Answer 22

primary motor cortex

Question 23

explain what happens if there is a lesion in the lateral corticospinal tract that are in the upper medulla and explain if the lesion was in the spinal cord

Answer 23

• upper medulla: because the fibers have not yet decussated any lesions here would have contralateral deficits
• at spinal cord level: fibers have decussated and thus any lesions would have ipsilateral deficits

Question 24

group of neuronal cell bodies that function as a relay center on the coordination of information between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum

Answer 24

inferior olivary nucleus

Question 25

medial meniscus is formed from the fibers of the

Answer 25

dorsal/posterior column pathway

Question 26

where does the spinothalamic tract travels in the spinal cord and where is it localized in the medulla?

Answer 26

travels in the lateral funiculus and remains localized in the lateral aspect of the medulla

Question 27

hypoglossal lesions leads to paralysis of the tongue on the __________ and what happens?

Answer 27

side of the lesion and tongue deviates to the side of the lesion

Question 28

nucleus ambiguus lesion results in hoarsness and difficulty in swallowing in addition to (2)

Answer 28

1. drooping of the soft palate | 2. deviated uvula to unaffected side

Question 29

nucelus solitarious receives ____ and ____ from the viscera via cranial nerves VII, IX and X

Answer 29

taste and sensation

Question 30

lesions to the spinal nucleus of V results in

Answer 30

ipsilateral deficits

Question 31

spinal nucleus of V receives pain and temperature from the

Answer 31

face

Question 32

provides cortical input to the motor cranial nerve nuclei

Answer 32

corticobulbar pathway

Question 33

what is so special of the corticobulbar pathway?

Answer 33

innervates motor nuclei bilaterally except to the the lower face which has contralateral innervation

Question 34

the PPRF or lateral gaze center is located in the

Answer 34

caudal pons

Question 35

Where does CN V enters the brainstem

Answer 35

in the mid pons

Question 36

huge afferent tract to the cerebellum from the pons

Answer 36

middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 37

occlusion of the _______ can result in locked-in syndrome if there is bilateral destruction of the base of the pons

Answer 37

basilar artery

Question 38

contains crossing fibers in the auditory pathway

Answer 38

trapezoid body (caudal pons)

Question 39

lateral medullary lesions can result in ________

Answer 39

Horner's syndrome

Question 40

auditory information is distributed ___________ in the CNS

Answer 40

bilaterally

Question 41

auditory information ascends bilaterally in the ____ ____ to the inferior colliculus which projects to the _____ ____ which projects to the auditory cortex

Answer 41

ascends in the lateral lemniscus to the inferior colliculus which projects to the medial geniculate which projects to the auditory cortex

Question 42

communication between the nuclei CN V! and the contralateral CN III is provided by the

Answer 42

MLF- medial longitudinal fasciculus

Question 43

fibers of the facial nerve (CN VII) loop around the _____ _____ before exiting the brainstem

Answer 43

abducens nucleus (CN VI)

Question 44

nuclei of CN ____ are found throughout the brainstem

Answer 44

V

Question 45

level of the entry of the trigeminal nerve and the principal sensory nucleus and the motor nucleus of V

Answer 45

Mid-Pons

Question 46

locked- in syndrome

Answer 46

results from bilateral damage to the base of the pons

Question 47

N. solitarious receives input from

Answer 47

CN VII, CN IX, CN X

Question 48

Axons leaving N. Ambiguus travel with

Answer 48

CN IX and CN X

Question 49

Spinal V receives input primarily from

Answer 49

CNV but also VII, IX, and X

Question 50

damage to a cranial nerve or CN nucleus results in an ______ deficit

Answer 50

ipsilateral

Question 51

damage to the long tracts result in a _______ deficit

Answer 51

contralateral

Question 52

the lateral gaze center (PPRF) is located in the area of the nucleus of

Answer 52

CN VI

Question 53

tegmentum is prominent at

Answer 53

all levels s

Question 54

tectum is prominent at

Answer 54

the midbrain only

Question 55

from substantia nigra to caudate and putamen

Answer 55

nigrostriatal

Question 56

from VTA to limbic structures "reward circuit"

Answer 56

Mesolimbic

Question 57

from VTA to prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe functions)

Answer 57

mesocortical

Question 58

receives input from cerebellum origin of rubrospinal tract

Answer 58

red nucleus

Question 59

relay station in auditory pathway

Answer 59

inferior colliculi