exam 2 review Flashcards
exam 2 (158 cards)
1
Q
These patients have their major problem in repeating
A
conduction aphasia
2
Q
Broca’s area location
A
inferior frontal gyrus
3
Q
Gerstmann’s syndrome
A
dominant parietal lobe
4
Q
Neurons in the lower part of the motor strip (near the Sylvian or lateral fissure) give rise to the
A
corticobulbar tract
5
Q
It separates the frontal and parietal and temporal lobes.
A
lateral sulcus (Sylvian Fissure)
6
Q
This sulcus runs almost perpendicular to the lateral sulcus and separates the frontal and parietal lobes.
A
the central sulcus
7
Q
Limbic projections (primarily from the amygdala) project to this nucleus which projects to prefrontal cortex.
A
Dorsomedial nucleus
8
Q
This nucleus projects to somatosensory cortex
A
Ventral posterior medial/lateral nucleus; VPM/VPL
9
Q
Medial geniculate nucleus projects to
A
primary auditory cortex
10
Q
controls the autonomic nervous system
A
the hypothalamus
11
Q
is essential for fear conditioning.
A
The amygdala
12
Q
Is essential for factual or declarative memory
A
hippocampus
13
Q
The fiber bundle connecting Wernicke’s and Broca’s area. Imprtant for repetition of the spoken word.
A
Arcuate fasiculus
14
Q
Somatosensory information from both the spinothalamic pathway and dorsal column pathways relay through the the _____ nucleus of the thalamus
A
VPL
15
Q
The _____nucleus receives sensory input from the sensory trigeminal nuclei and from nucleus solitarius
A
VPM
16
Q
what vessel supplies Broca’s area?
A
middle cerebral artery
17
Q
Executive function and planning
A
prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobe
18
Q
methematical and arithmetic function
A
parietal lobe
19
Q
PTSD, panic disorder
A
Limbic
20
Q
axons of _____ cells of the retina from the optic nerve
A
ganglion cells
21
Q
VMN (ventromedial nucleus)
A
Satiety center
- lesion to here resulted in animals that continued to eat and did not appear to reach satiation
22
Q
SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus)
A
controls circadian rhythms, master clock of the brain
- receives direct retinal input that tells it whether it is day or night
23
Q
Supraptic nucleus
A
synthesizes oxytocin and vasopressin
- part of the magnocellular system that regulates secretion from the posterior pituitary
24
Q
anterior hypothalamus and preoptic area
A
important for heat dissipation
25
ventral anterior and central nuclei receive input from
basal ganglia and cerebellum
26
dorsomedial nucleus is a ____ nucleus
limbic
27
dorsomedial nucleus receives input from the
amygdala and other limbic structures
- it also has interconnections with the prefrontal association cortex
28
lesion to the posterior nucleus leads to
hypothermia because it is involved in heat conservation
29
destruction to the lateral nucleus
leads to starvation because it induces feeding behavior
30
Fusiform gyrus is found in the
temporal lobe
31
pain is appreciated at the
thalamic level
32
lenticulostriate arteries supply to the
basal ganglia and internal capsule
33
small lacune in the internal capsule can disrupt
corticospincal and corticobulbar tracts
34
degeneration of the caudate nucleus
huntigton's dx
35
lesions of the subthalamic nucleus
hemiballismus
36
which structure in the limbic system that when stimulated created a pleasurable feeling?
Septal area
37
Damage to what structure is associated with Korsakoff syndrome?
Mamillary body
- associated with alcohol abuse
38
chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine
other symptoms:
- problems learning new information
- inability to remember recent events
- confabulation
- apathy
- lack of insight
korsakoff
39
which structure is most involved with memory information
hippocampus
40
which nuclei of the thalamus receive input from the limbic system
dorsomedial nucleus
41
black bone spicule
retinitis pigmentosa
42
- decreased vision at night or low in light
- loss of peripheral vision
- loss of central vision in advance cases
retinitis pigmentosa
43
most common cause of blindness amongst the elderly
age-related macular degeneration
44
- blurred central vision
- typically does not affect peripheral vision
- straight lines may appear distorted
age-related macular degeneration
45
- patchy blind spots in side vision
| - caused by a buildup of pressure in the eye leading to damage in the optic nerve head
glaucoma
46
glaucoma progression
widening of inner yellow area known as the cup
47
Glaucoma open angle
no symptoms until severe
-slow progressive peripheral vision loss
48
glaucoma closed angle
- sudden, severe pain
- steamy vision
- rainbow like halos
- red eye
49
agranular cellular organization
motor cortex
50
paracentral lobule
motor is rostral and sensory is caudal
51
thalamus blood supply is the
PCA
52
lower part of the calcarine fissure sees the
superior eye field
53
```
Increased tone (spasticity)
Increased DTRs, clonus
UE tends to be flexed, LE tends to be extended
Babinski sign present
Less atrophy
```
UMN
54
```
Decreased tone (flaccidity)
Decreased DTRs
Fasisculations
Babinski sign absent
More atrophy
```
LMN
55
lack of responsibility and insight, indifference
Abulia: slowed response to environment
Hypersexuality, incontinence, emotional lability
Frontal lobe lesion
56
frontal release signs
1. suck, snout, palmomental, grasp refelxes
| 2. Gegenhalten- variable resistance to passive movement of limbs
57
superior optic radiation lesion
pie in the floor
58
Gerstamann
dominant parietal lobe lesion
Finger agnosia
Acalculia
Left-right confusion
Agraphia
59
non-dominant parietal lobe syndrome
- denial of deficit
- spatial difficulty
- extinction
60
temporal lobe lesion
- auditory integration
- memory disturbance
- visual eye deficit- Meyer's "pie in the sky"
- wernicke's aphasia
61
expressive aphasia
fluency?
comprehension?
repetition?
location
Broca's
fluency is impaired
comprehension is intact
repetition is impaired
location is in inferior frontal lobe
62
Receptive aphasia
fluency?
comprehension?
repetition?
location
Wernicke's
fluency is intact
comprehension is impaired
repetition is impaired
location is in superior temporal lobe
63
Conduction aphasia
fluency?
comprehension?
repetition?
Arcuate fasciculus
- fluency is intact
- comprehension is intact
- repetition is impaired
64
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
| Cortical blindness
occipiral lobe syndromes
65
anton's syndrome
denial of blindness
66
balint's syndrome
- simultagnosia
- optic ataxia
- occulomotor apraxia
67
large vessel vascular syndromes are usually caused by
embolic or thrombotic
68
vascular stroke:
Contralateral weakness
Ipsilateral monocular vision loss (amaurosis fugax)
internal carotid artery
69
vascular stroke:
Leg more than arm weakness/sensory deficit
Language spared
Anterior cerebral artery
70
vascular stroke:
Arm more than leg weakness/sensory deficit
Aphasia on left, dysprosody on right
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia/quadrantanopia
Gaze deviation towards side of lesion
middle cerebral artery
71
vascular stroke:
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
Alexia without agraphia (left PCA involving splenium)
Posterior cerebral artery
72
small vessel lacunar syndromes are caused by
hypertension/ lipohyalinosis
73
vessel stroke:
pure motor hemiplegia
internal capsule or ventral pons
74
vessel stroke:
pure hemisensory loss
thalamus
75
vessel stroke:
sensorimotor
thalamocapsular
76
vessel stroke
clumsy hand dysarthria
Internal capsule, ventral pons, or corona radiata
77
vessel stroke:
ataxia hemiparesis
ventral pons, internal capsule
78
watershed stroke
acute hypoperfusion
- barrel man
- ACA-MCA: proximal >distal weakness in amr and leg
- MCA-PCA: visuospatial deficit (Balint's syndrome)
79
acute management for stroke
- head CT
- MRI brain
- cardiac evaluation
- check for DM/HN
- tPA
80
long term management
- antiplatelet agent
- anticoagulation
- statin
- decrease risk factors
81
intracerebral hemorrhage
- causes
- location
- uncommon location
- causes: HTN
- location: basal ganglia>pons>thalamus> cerebellum
- uncommon location in cortical white matter
82
anuerysms
outpouching due to weakness of vessel wall
- occur at birfucations
- rupture leads to SAH
83
subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs commonly in
Acom
84
epilepsy at least ___ unprovoked seizures
2
85
petit mal seizures
- generalized spike and wave EEG
- occurs in children
-
86
myoclonic
- jerking seizure
87
generalized clonic/ tonic
tonic: body stiffening
clonic: rhythmic activity
88
intra-axial tumors
tumors that form from brain itself
89
Gliomas
intra-axial
- astrocytoma/glioblastoma
- ependymoma
- oligodendroglioma
90
neuronal tumors
intra-axial
- dysembryonic neuroepihtelial tumor
- favors temporal lobe
91
ependymoma
originates in ventricles, hydrocephalus is common
92
oligodendroglioma
slow growing, good prog, seizures common
93
fried egg
oligodendroglioma
94
acoustic neuroma
schwannoma
95
pituitary adenoma, craniopharygioma
neurofibroma
96
brain tumors that are external to the brain
- slow growing
- good prognosis
meningioma
97
crank case oil- cystic
sellar mass tumor: craniopharyngioma
98
CNS is derived from the
ectoderm
99
anterior (cranial) neuropore closes at day ___
failure leads to
25
- leads to anencephaly
100
posterior (caudal) neuropore closes at day ____
failure leads to
27
- leads to spina bifida
101
lissencephaly
malformation of neuronal and glial proliferation
102
polymicrogyria
malformation of neuronal cortical organization
103
heterotopias
malformation of neuronal migration
104
MS:
relapse remitting
reverts back to baseline between attacks
105
MS:
relapsing progressive
reverts not quite back to baseline between attacks
106
MS:
secondary progressive
coverts to a progressive course
107
MS:
Primary progressive
progressive course from onset
108
MS is a ____ matter generally occuring at
white and occurs at myelinating neurons
109
is an acquired loss of higher cortical function involving more than one faculty (memory, language, planning, etc) sufficient to cause problems in daily life.
Dementia
110
is an acute confusion state that is reversible when the precipitating factor is removed
delirium
111
Loss of memory, executive function, visuospatial impairment, language, behavior
Alzheimer's
112
hallucinations, psychosis
lewy body dementia
113
Stepwise progression of cognitive decline
vascular dementia
114
Social disinhibition, abulia
frontotemporal dementia
115
senile plaques
beta-amyloid
116
neurofibrillary tangles
tau protein
117
alz. familial causes
autosomal dominant and early onset:
APP/ presenillin 1 (gamma secretase)
118
normal pressure hydrocephalus
accumulation of CSF in the ventricles; leading to parkisonian motor disorder and dementia
119
stuporous
responds to voice and pain but really aware
120
coma that is subcortical
no eye movements
121
PVS
- environment?
- cortex and brainstem function?
- no interaction with environment
| - brainstem is working but cortex is not
122
locked in syndrome is due to a
ventral pontine lesion
123
Middle meningeal artery rupture
Between dura and skull
Skull fracture
Lucid interval
epidural
124
Rupture of bridging veins
Between dura and brain
Can be both acute and chronic
Involved trauma can be mild (esp. in elderly)
subdural
125
coup injury
contusion at the area of injury
126
contrecoup injury
contusion at area opposite of injury
127
head trauma can lead to _____ which means you need to:
1. elevate head of bed
2. hyperventilation
3. osmotic diuretics
4. barbituate coma
5. CSF drainage
6. hemicraniectomy
intracranial pressure
128
CA1 neurons in the hippocampus are sensitive to
hypoxia
129
Pure motor stroke
internal capsule
130
corticospinal tract is always
ventral
131
Pure sensory stroke
thalamus
132
anterior nucleus of the thalamus goes to the
cingulate
133
Pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus goes to the
association cortices
- parietal, occipital, temporal
134
original Papez circuit
1. mammillary bodies
2. anterior thalamic nucleus
3. cingulate gyrus
4. hippocampal
135
New papez circuit consider
1. prefrontal cortex
2. association cortex
4. amygdala
5. hypothalamus
136
____ --> hippocampus --> CA1/2/3
dentate gyrus
137
bilateral lesion to the hippocampal formation leads to what type of amnesia?
anterograde
138
decreasing response to a sensory stimulus
habituation
139
increasing response to a sensory stimulus
sensitization
140
- associating two sensory stimuli
associative conditioning
141
learning and memory require changes in ____ strength
synaptic
142
short term memory depends on ______ but not ______
depends on protein phosphorylation but not on protein synthesis
143
long term memory depends on protein phosphorylation and protein synthesi
yep
144
NMDA receptors are essential for
associative conditioning
145
two anterior pituitary hormones that are inhibited by substance from the hypothalamus
Name the inhibitor and the inhibiteeee
1. Somatostatin inhibits growth hormone
| 2. Dopamine inhibits prolactin
146
prosencephalon forms the ___
made up by the
forms the forebrain
made up by
1. telenccephalon
2. diencephalon
147
mesencephalon forms the _____
midbrain
148
rhombencephalon forms the _______
made up by the
forms the hindbrain
made up by the
1. metencephalon
2. myelencephalon
149
telencephalon
cerebral hemisphere
150
diencephalon
thalamus
151
mesencephalon
midbrain
152
melencephalon
pons and cerebellum
153
myelencephalon
medulla
154
Balint's syndrome is caused by
not enough perfusion between MCA and PCA
155
malformation:
neuronal and glial proliferation
lissencephaly
156
malformation:
neuronal cortical organization
polymicrogyria
157
malformation:
neuronal migration
heterotopia
158
ventral pontine lesion
locked-in-syndrome
