Breast Cancer

Question 1

Primordial level of prevention

Answer 1

Target population: General public
Objective; To prevent of disease and development of risk factors
Means: social media, flyers, newspapers, community outreaches, bill boards, radio stations, television Method:

We will inform them that breast cancer is disease in which cells of the breast grow out of control. There are different kinds of breast cancer and it depends on which cells in the breast turns
to cancer. most breast cancer begin in the milk duct or milk
producing lobules
Risk factors of breast of cancer: positive family history, obesity. smoking , early menarche, late menopause, taking hormonalsupplement

Educate them on signs and symptoms such as lump in the breast bloody discharge from the nipple , changes to skin on the nipple area and the breast
Educate them to avoid risk factors; maintain a healthy diet, avoid alcohol and smoking, encourage them to exercise regularly.

Question 2

Primary level of prevention

Answer 2

Target population: General public with special attention to susceptible individuals
Oblective: prevent the onset of disease
Means: government policies , social media, newspapers, bill boards, community outreaches
Method: Inform them that there are no vaccines to prevent breast cancer, but there are habits to prevent or manage risk factors such as regular physical activity to prevent excess weight
Avoid smoking as it increases the risk of developing cancer
Limit the dose and duration of hormone therapy

Breast feed when possible
Do a regular self breast examination
Advice for a genetic screening

Question 3

secondarv level of prevention

Answer 3

Target population: sick individuals
Objective: early diagnosis and prompt treatment
Method:
Identity patient with risk factors
Triple assessment
Clinical assessment: take a good history
physical examination lumps, changes to the skin of the nipple and breast, changes to the size of the breast , assess for lymph nodes
Radiological examination: ultrasound, chest ray, mammography
Histology : fine needle biopsy and check for tumor markers CA 125, Ca 15-3, CEA

Treatment
Medical: chemotherapy- cyclophosphamide, carboplatin, paclitaxel,
hormonal therapy - tamoxifen
Surgery: lobectomy, simple / radical mastectomy
Radiotherapy

Question 5

Tertiary level of prevention

Answer 5

Target populatior: Sick and symptomatic individuals
Objective: limit complications
Method
Prompt identification of complication and appropriate Treatment
Anticonvulsants (seizures)

Pleural effusion ( thoracentesis)
Severe anemia (blood transfusion)

Electrolyte derangement (dialysis)

Question 6

Quaternary Prevention

Answer 6

Target population: recovering individuals
Obiective : prevent over medicalization/rehabilitation
Method
Ensure patient are treated with dose appropriate medications
Social rehabilitation
Vocation rehabilitation
Physiotherapy
Psychotherapy