Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Primordial level

Answer 1

Target population: General public
Objective: Prevent onset of illness
Means: Social media, fliers, radio station, TV, religious and community leaders, medical outreaches etc
Methods: Educate the general public that diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia as a result of either insulin deficiency or resistance.
Risk factors:
Modifiable: sedentary lifestyle, obesity, alcohol consumption and smoking
Non modifiable: age gender family history
Types of DM:
Type 1 and Type II
Symptoms: excessive thirst, urination, hunger , and unplanned weight loss
Complications: blindness, kidney damage, diabetic foot ulcer, stroke, erectile dysfunction.
Prevention: lifestyle modification, regular checkup, weight loss in case of obesity.

Question 2

Primary level of prevention

Answer 2

Target population: General public with focus on healthy and high risk individuals
Objective: To prevent onset of illness
Means: Community outreach, social media, religious leaders, traditional rulers
Methods: There are no Vaccination for DM.
However we advice people on lifestyle management like stopping smoking and alcohol, weight loss in obesity, diet changes, exercise, screen for other comorbidities.

Question 3

Secondary level of prevention .

Answer 3

Target Population: Sick individuals
Objective : Early diagnosis and Prompt treatment
Method: history, examination, investigation . treatment)
Take a good history from patient.
Investigation: fasting blood sugar
Oral glucose tolerance test
Glycated hemoglobin
Fundoscopy
serum electrolytes and urea (early complications)

TREATMENT
Non medical; diet restriction
Alcohol and smoking should stop
Exercise regularly
Weight loss in case of obesity

Medical Treatment
Insulin therapy for type 1
For type II: metformin, sulfunylurea, gliptins

Question 4

Tertiary level of prevention

Answer 4

Target population : Sick individuals
Objective : Limit damage and complications
Method :
Manage/prevent complications:

Regular foot checks
Foot care advice
Regular sugar check and hospital visit

Question 5

Quartenary level

Answer 5

Target population: Convalescent or recovering individuals
Objective: Rehabilitation and prevention of overmedicalization
Method:

Physiotherapy with clutches and wheelchair use
Vocational therapy
Family and social support