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HUMB1000 > C12 - How do cells grow, specialise, and die? > Flashcards

C12 - How do cells grow, specialise, and die? Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of proteins in the body?

A
  • Structural proteins
  • Enzymes
  • Transport proteins
  • Hormones
  • Receptors on the cell surface
  • Cell membrane transport
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2
Q

What is a nucleic acid?

A

Large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

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3
Q

What are the key differences between DNA and RNA?

A
  • DNA: double-stranded, contains thymine, deoxyribose sugar
  • RNA: single-stranded, contains uracil, ribose sugar
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4
Q

What is a gene?

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein

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5
Q

What is the connection between DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis?

A

DNA carries the code for the specific sequence of amino acids that form a protein, which is transcribed to mRNA and translated into proteins

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6
Q

What are the two main processes involved in gene expression?

A
  • Transcription
  • Translation
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7
Q

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

A

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism; phenotype refers to the observable characteristics

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8
Q

What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid?

A

A chromosome is a single piece of DNA, while a chromatid is one half of a duplicated chromosome

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9
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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10
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A
  • Meiosis I: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I
  • Meiosis II: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
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11
Q

Which cell types undergo mitosis?

A

Somatic cells

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12
Q

Which cell types undergo meiosis?

A

Gametes (sperm and egg cells)

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13
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A
  • Sugar molecule
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous base
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14
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
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15
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Uracil
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
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16
Q

What occurs during DNA replication?

A

DNA is copied to ensure each new cell has the full amount of DNA

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17
Q

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Takes information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes

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18
Q

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome

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19
Q

What is the role of rRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Major structural component of the ribosome

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20
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids in a protein

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21
Q

What is a peptide?

A

A short chain of amino acids

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22
Q

What is a polypeptide?

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A

A chain of 10 to 50 amino acids

23
Q

What is the significance of the triplet code in genetics?

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A

Three nucleic acid bases code for one amino acid

24
Q

What is the process of transcription?

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A

The process by which DNA is converted into mRNA

25
What is the process of translation?
The process by which RNA is converted into protein
26
What is the function of collagen?
Provides strength and flexibility in connective tissue
27
What defines diploid and haploid cells?
* Diploid: full set of DNA (e.g., somatic cells) * Haploid: half set of DNA (e.g., gametes)
28
What happens to DNA before a cell divides?
It replicates to ensure each new cell has the full amount of DNA
29
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence
30
What is the structure of a chromosome?
A tightly coiled structure of DNA and proteins
31
How does the cell package its DNA for division?
DNA condenses to form chromatin, which winds up to form chromosomes
32
What is the DNA template strand sequence for the given mRNA codons?
3’ ...AAG AAG TTC CTA... 5’
33
What is the mRNA sequence derived from the DNA template strand provided?
5’ ...UUC UUC AAG GAU... 3’
34
What is the tRNA anticodon for the mRNA codons UUC UUC AAG GAU?
AAG AAG UUC CUA
35
What amino acids correspond to the mRNA sequence UUC UUC AAG GAU?
* Phe * Phe * Lys * Asp
36
Which amino acid has the same codon as the start codon?
Methionine
37
What does the presence of Methionine as a start codon imply about proteins?
All proteins originally start with this amino acid
38
Fill in the blank: The mRNA code for alanine is _______.
GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG
39
Which amino acids correspond to the mRNA code CGU, CGC, CGA, AGA, AGG, CGG?
Arginine
40
What is the mRNA code for aspartic acid?
GAU, GAC
41
How do cells specialize despite containing the same DNA?
Cells turn on different genes for transcription and translation into proteins
42
What happens when a gene is 'turned off'?
The cell will not make that particular protein
43
What is the process by which a single cell divides to produce daughter cells?
Mitosis
44
During which phase do most cells spend their time?
Interphase
45
What is the end result of mitosis?
Two genetically identical daughter cells
46
Fill in the blank: Human beings have _______ pairs of autosomal chromosomes.
22
47
What are chromatids?
Replicated chromosomes that form before cell division
48
Define homologous pair.
Chromosome pairs with one member from each parent, coding for the same genes
49
What is the purpose of meiosis?
To produce gametes with half the genetic material
50
What occurs during crossing over in meiosis?
Members of homologous chromosome pairs swap bits of their chromatids
51
What is the result of meiosis I?
Two haploid cells
52
Why is genetic material halved during meiosis?
To ensure a fertilized oocyte has the full amount of genetic material
53
How many alleles for a given gene does a gamete have?
One

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