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HUMB1000 > C3 - Are you what you eat? > Flashcards

C3 - Are you what you eat? Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major parts of the digestive system?

A
  • Mouth
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Accessory organs
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2
Q

What are the basic histological layers of the digestive tract?

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Adventitia

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3
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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4
Q

What contributions do the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas make to digestion?

A
  • Liver: Produces bile
  • Gallbladder: Stores bile
  • Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
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5
Q

What is the difference between digestion and absorption?

A

Digestion is the breakdown of large food molecules into smaller particles; absorption is the transfer of these molecules into the body.

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6
Q

Describe carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

A
  • Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches
  • Lipids: Fats and oils
  • Proteins: Chains of amino acids
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7
Q

What are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?

A
  • Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
  • Lipids: Glycerol and fatty acids
  • Proteins: Amino acids
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8
Q

Distinguish between vitamins and minerals.

A
  • Vitamins: Organic compounds needed in small amounts
  • Minerals: Inorganic substances essential for various bodily functions
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9
Q

What is the role of enzymes in the body?

A

Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

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10
Q

What are the six classes of nutrients?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Water
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
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11
Q

Name an example of a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, and a polysaccharide.

A
  • Monosaccharide: Glucose
  • Disaccharide: Sucrose
  • Polysaccharide: Starch
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12
Q

What makes up a triglyceride?

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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13
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fats have hydrogen molecules attached to nearly every carbon, while unsaturated fats do not.

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14
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A chain of amino acids linked together

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15
Q

Name one disorder caused by a vitamin deficiency.

A
  • Vitamin D: Rickets
  • Vitamin C: Scurvy
  • Vitamin B1: Beriberi
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16
Q

What is an enzyme? Give an example of an enzyme produced by the pancreas.

A

A protein that increases the rate of a reaction; e.g., pancreatic amylase

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17
Q

What are the functions of the mouth in digestion?

A
  • Chewing food (mastication)
  • Salivary amylase begins carbohydrate digestion
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18
Q

What role does the uvula play during swallowing?

A

Closes off the nasopharynx to direct food to the oesophagus

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19
Q

How does saliva contribute to digestion?

A

Saliva lubricates food and contains salivary amylase for carbohydrate digestion

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20
Q

What is the role of the epiglottis in swallowing?

A

Closes off the larynx/trachea to prevent food from entering the respiratory system

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21
Q

What is the primary function of the stomach?

A

Storage and mechanical digestion of food

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22
Q

What are the main regions of the stomach?

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pylorus
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23
Q

What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine

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24
Q

What is the primary function of the stomach?

A

Responsible for much of the mechanical digestion of food.

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25
What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?
Regulates movement of chyme from stomach to duodenum.
26
What does the cardiac sphincter prevent?
Prevents stomach acids and contents from entering the oesophagus.
27
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
* Gallbladder * Pancreas
28
Where is the pancreas located in relation to the liver?
Inferior and posterior to the liver.
29
What is the primary role of the small intestine?
Digestion and absorption of nutrients.
30
How long is the small intestine when stretched?
More than 6 m long.
31
In which abdominopelvic regions is the small intestine primarily located?
* Umbilical region * Hypogastric region * Left/right lumbar and iliac regions
32
What is chyme?
Digested food leaving the stomach.
33
What is the function of alkaline mucus in the duodenum?
Protects against acidic chyme and neutralizes acids.
34
What is appendicitis?
Inflammation of the appendix.
35
What are the parts of the large intestine?
* Caecum * Appendix * Ascending colon * Transverse colon * Descending colon * Sigmoid colon * Rectum * Anal canal/anus
36
How long is the large intestine?
Approximately 1.5 m.
37
Where does the descending colon lie in relation to the ascending colon?
In the most posterior part of the large intestine.
38
What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
Minimum energy expenditure required to support metabolism in an awake, rested person.
39
What percentage of total metabolic rate does BMR contribute?
65-70%.
40
What is the energy provided by 1 gram of carbohydrate?
16 kJ.
41
What is the energy provided by 1 gram of lipid (fat)?
37 kJ.
42
What is the energy provided by 1 gram of protein?
17 kJ.
43
What is the recommended dietary intake for lipids?
20-35% of daily kilojoule intake.
44
What is the recommended dietary intake for carbohydrates?
45-65% of daily kilojoule intake.
45
What is the recommended dietary intake for proteins?
10-35% of daily kilojoule intake.
46
What happens to bile if the gallbladder is removed?
Bile becomes more dilute and cannot be released on demand.
47
How long does it take liquid to exit the stomach after ingestion?
Around 1.5 – 2.5 hours.
48
What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?
* Duodenum * Jejunum * Ileum
49
How long is the duodenum?
~ 25 cm long.
50
How long is the jejunum?
~ 2.5 m long.
51
How long is the ileum?
~ 3.5 m long.
52
What is the role of smooth muscle in the small intestines?
Facilitates movement and digestion.
53
How long does it take for food to travel through the small intestine?
Around 3 – 5 hours.
54
What is the effect of high amounts of kilojoules from chocolate?
Can lead to malnutrition due to lack of proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
55
Why is it clinically useful to describe abdominal organs using regions?
More precise than using quadrants.
56
What is the length of the jejunum?
Approximately 2.5 m long
57
What is the length of the ileum?
Approximately 3.5 m long; joins large intestine
58
What substances are crucial for the chemical digestion of food molecules?
Digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gall bladder
59
Which subdivision of the small intestine do pancreatic enzymes and bile empty into?
Duodenum
60
How long does it take for food to pass through the small intestines?
Around 3 – 5 hours
61
What is the role of smooth muscle in the wall of the small intestine?
To move food into close contact with microvilli for nutrient absorption and propel chyme through peristalsis
62
What are the three features of the inner lining of the small intestines that increase surface area?
* Circular folds * Villi * Microvilli
63
Why are the features that increase surface area in the small intestine necessary?
Greater surface area allows for greater nutrient absorption
64
What happens to chyme as it passes from the ileum through the large intestine?
Reabsorption of water and electrolytes, bacteria produce vitamins, and feces formation occurs
65
How long does it take for food to pass through the large intestines?
Anywhere from 18 - 24 hours
66
What is peristalsis?
Involuntary wave-like muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract
67
What are the functions of bacteria in the large intestine?
* Production of vitamins B and K * Decomposition of bilirubin * Breakdown of amino acids * Chemical breakdown of fiber
68
List the health professionals involved in Abe's treatment so far.
* GP * Practice nurse * Phlebotomist * Medical scientist * Pharmacist
69
Name types of food or food additives that might cause gastrointestinal symptoms.
* Gluten * Nuts * Milk/dairy (lactose intolerance) * Some fruits (fructose intolerance) * Colours and preservatives * Caffeine * Chilli and spicy foods
70
What did the colonoscopy reveal about Abe's condition?
* Narrowing of intestines (intestinal stenosis) * Inflammation of the intestinal wall * Fissures of the anal canal * Boils and skin tags around the anus
71
What is Crohn's disease?
A type of inflammatory bowel disease causing inflammation of the bowel from mouth to anus, most commonly affecting the ileum and large intestine
72
What factors are thought to cause Crohn's disease?
Combination of environmental, genetic, and immunological factors
73
What is the treatment goal for Crohn's disease?
To control inflammation, relieve symptoms, and correct nutritional deficiencies
74
Why does damage to the small intestine interfere with nutrient absorption?
Less surface area for absorption due to damage to the intestinal lining
75
What lifestyle changes might Abe need to make due to Crohn's disease?
* Major dietary changes * Cease smoking
76
What health professionals may Abe need to seek advice from for managing Crohn's disease?
* Nutritionist/dietitian * Counselors * Support groups like Crohn’s and Colitis Australia
77
What are some limitations of using BMI as a measure of healthy weight?
Does not account for body fat to lean mass ratio, fat distribution, individual requirements or lifestyles

HUMB1000 (12 decks)

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