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HUMB1000 > C6 - How do things get around the body? > Flashcards

C6 - How do things get around the body? Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the position of the heart within the mediastinum?

A

The heart is located in the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity.

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2
Q

List the major anatomical structures of the heart.

A
  • Coverings
  • Chambers
  • Valves
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3
Q

What is the flow of blood through the heart?

A

Blood flows through the heart via the atria, ventricles, and valves in a specific sequence.

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4
Q

How is a heartbeat generated?

A

A heartbeat is generated by the electrical conduction system of the heart, primarily the sinoatrial node.

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5
Q

Differentiate between systemic and pulmonary circulation.

A
  • Systemic circulation: Supplies oxygenated blood to the body
  • Pulmonary circulation: Transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation
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6
Q

What are the effects of exercise on cardiac output?

A

Exercise increases cardiac output to meet the higher metabolic demands of tissues.

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7
Q

List the components of blood.

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Plasma
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8
Q

Describe the transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood.

A

Oxygen is transported from the lungs to tissues, while carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs.

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9
Q

What is the driving force for movement of fluid around the body?

A

The driving force is the pressure generated by the heart’s pumping action.

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10
Q

What structures does blood pass through as it travels through the heart?

A

Blood passes through the atria, ventricles, and various valves.

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11
Q

How does the heart help the lungs do their job?

A

The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation and returns oxygenated blood to the body.

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12
Q

What are the layers that surround the heart?

A
  • Visceral pericardium
  • Parietal pericardium
  • Pericardial sac
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13
Q

How are arteries and veins similar and different?

A

Similar: Both are blood vessels. Different: Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart; veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.

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14
Q

What type of epithelium lines blood capillaries allowing for quick diffusion of gases?

A

Simple squamous epithelium.

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15
Q

What forms the thickest layer of the heart wall?

A

Myocardium.

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16
Q

What is an alternative name for the right atrioventricular valve?

A

Tricuspid valve.

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17
Q

Which vessel brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body into the right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava.

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18
Q

What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve.

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19
Q

What are the three layers of tissue that make up blood vessels from the innermost to the outermost?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica externa
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20
Q

What type of primary tissue makes up the tunica externa of blood vessels?

A

Connective tissue.

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21
Q

How do you define ‘pulse’?

A

The pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle.

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22
Q

Why do you have pulse points on certain parts of the body but not others?

A

Pulse points are areas where large arteries are closer to the skin’s surface.

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23
Q

Why is it not advised to use the thumb to take a pulse?

A

The thumb has its own pulse, which can interfere with the measurement.

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24
Q

What is the normal resting pulse rate range?

A

70 - 80 beats per minute.

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25
What happens to heart rate and cardiac output during exercise?
Both heart rate and cardiac output increase during exercise.
26
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?
CO = HR x SV.
27
What is stroke volume (SV)?
The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles with each heartbeat, approximately 70 ml/beat.
28
How does exercise affect stroke volume?
Stroke volume increases during exercise due to enhanced venous return.
29
What is the purpose of increasing cardiac output with exercise?
To supply working muscles with extra oxygen and nutrients, and to remove waste products.
30
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
To deliver blood and vital nutrients to the cells and tissues of the body ## Footnote The cardiovascular system is crucial for maintaining homeostasis within the body.
31
What are the four chambers of the heart?
* Right atrium * Left atrium * Right ventricle * Left ventricle ## Footnote These chambers are responsible for receiving and pumping blood throughout the body.
32
How can you distinguish the anterior from the posterior view of the heart?
The pulmonary trunk is visible in the anterior view, while pulmonary veins are visible in the posterior view ## Footnote The anterior view shows the pulmonary trunk sitting anterior to the aorta.
33
What is the role of red blood cells in the body?
To carry oxygen to all cells in the body ## Footnote Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which binds oxygen.
34
What structural feature of red blood cells increases their oxygen-carrying capacity?
No nucleus and a biconcave shape ## Footnote This shape increases surface area for gas exchange.
35
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
* Dissolved in plasma (7%) * Combined with hemoglobin (23%) * As bicarbonate ions (70%) ## Footnote These mechanisms facilitate the transport of CO2 from tissues to the lungs.
36
What is the function of platelets in the blood?
To assist with blood clotting and sealing holes in blood vessels ## Footnote Platelets are critical for preventing excessive bleeding.
37
What is the primary difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood towards the heart ## Footnote This fundamental difference relates to their roles in circulation.
38
Which type of blood vessel has thicker walls?
Arteries ## Footnote Thicker walls are necessary to withstand higher blood pressure.
39
What is the function of valves in veins?
To prevent backflow of blood ## Footnote Valves are particularly important in the legs to counteract gravity.
40
What is the role of the right atrium?
To receive deoxygenated blood from the body ## Footnote Blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavae.
41
What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Right atrioventricular valve or tricuspid valve ## Footnote This valve prevents backflow into the atrium during ventricular contraction.
42
What is the name of the muscular ridges found in the right ventricle?
Trabeculae carneae ## Footnote These ridges help increase turbulence and improve blood flow.
43
What are the two major arteries that exit the heart?
* Pulmonary trunk (from right ventricle) * Aorta (from left ventricle) ## Footnote These arteries are crucial for transporting blood to the lungs and the rest of the body, respectively.
44
What does systemic circulation do?
Supplies oxygen and nutrients to body tissues and removes wastes ## Footnote Blood flows from the left ventricle to all tissues and back to the right atrium.
45
What is the cardiothoracic ratio?
The measurement of the heart's width compared to the width of the chest ## Footnote It helps in diagnosing cardiac abnormalities.
46
True or False: Arteries deliver deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium.
FALSE ## Footnote Veins, including the superior and inferior vena cavae, deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
47
True or False: The pressure in systemic arteries is much greater than in systemic veins.
TRUE ## Footnote Arteries operate under high pressure to effectively distribute blood throughout the body.
48
True or False: Arteries deliver deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium.
FALSE ## Footnote Veins deliver deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium, including superior and inferior venae cavae.
49
True or False: The pressure exerted on the walls of systemic arteries is much greater than the pressure in a systemic vein.
TRUE ## Footnote Arteries are under much higher pressure compared to veins, which are low pressure capacitance vessels.
50
True or False: The walls of the heart contain a lot of muscle.
TRUE ## Footnote The heart has a thick myocardium.
51
True or False: Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped from the atria to the ventricles.
FALSE ## Footnote Stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles when they contract.
52
True or False: Cardiac output equals heart rate minus the stroke volume.
FALSE ## Footnote Cardiac output (CO) is calculated as CO = HR x SV.
53
True or False: At tissue capillaries, oxygen moves out of the capillaries and into cells and carbon dioxide moves out of the cells and into capillaries.
TRUE ## Footnote Oxygen and carbon dioxide move down their concentration gradient.
54
True or False: The pulmonary trunk divides into the left and right pulmonary veins.
FALSE ## Footnote The pulmonary trunk divides into left and right pulmonary arteries.
55
What is the outer part of the pericardium made of?
Fibrous tissue
56
What is the inner layer of the pericardium lined with?
Serous membrane
57
Which layer of the serous membrane directly covers the heart?
Visceral
58
What structure does the fibrous pericardium attach to inferiorly?
Diaphragm
59
How many Australians had heart disease in 2011-2012?
1 million
60
How many Australians had heart disease approximately by 2021?
1.2 million
61
List some conditions included under heart disease.
* Angina * Atrial fibrillation * Cardiomyopathy * Chronic heart failure * Heart attacks * Stroke
62
Fill in the blank: Arrhythmia is characterised by sensations including racing, thumping, or _______.
skipping beats
63
What can trigger arrhythmia?
* Exercise * Caffeine * Nicotine * Stressful situations
64
What medical devices can be implemented to treat arrhythmia?
* Artificial pacemakers * Cardiac defibrillators
65
Fill in the blank: Cardiomyopathy causes the heart muscle to become gradually _______.
weaker
66
What are some symptoms of cardiomyopathy?
* Breathlessness * Tiredness * Accumulation of fluid in the legs and abdomen
67
What lifestyle changes can help patients with cardiomyopathy?
* Regular moderate physical activities * Quitting smoking * Reducing salt consumption * Restricting alcohol consumption
68
Fill in the blank: Coronary heart disease arises when coronary arteries become narrow due to the build-up of fatty material known as _______.
plaque
69
What procedure can treat coronary heart disease?
* Angioplasty * Stent implementation
70
What can happen when coronary arteries become completely blocked?
Heart attack
71
True or False: Heart disease includes structural defects of the heart which often lead to functional defects.
TRUE

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