C9 - How does it all work?

Question 1

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Answer 1

The PNS consists of all the nerves outside the central nervous system (CNS) and includes the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Question 2

What are the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Answer 2

The main divisions of the ANS are:
* Sympathetic division
* Parasympathetic division

Question 3

What are peripheral ganglia?

Answer 3

Clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system.

Question 4

What structures are included in the anatomy of the PNS?

Answer 4

The PNS includes:
* Peripheral ganglia
* Spinal nerves
* Cranial nerves
* Associated CNS structures

Question 5

What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 5

The corpus callosum.

Question 6

What advantage do convolutions give the cerebrum?

Answer 6

Increased surface area for neurons, allowing for more complex processing.

Question 7

How do white matter and grey matter differ?

Answer 7

White matter contains myelinated axons, while grey matter contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

Question 8

What are the roles of the thalamus?

Answer 8

The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information and plays a role in consciousness and alertness.

Question 9

What are the roles of the hypothalamus?

Answer 9

The hypothalamus regulates:
* Autonomic reflexes
* Sleep patterns
* Emotions
* Food and water intake
* Hormone release from the pituitary gland

Question 10

What are the functions of the brainstem?

Answer 10

The brainstem controls vital functions such as:
* Heart rate
* Breathing
* Reflexes
* Sleep

Question 11

What information does the cerebellum receive?

Answer 11

The cerebellum receives proprioceptive information and coordinates balance and motor control.

Question 12

Where does the spinal cord begin and end in adults?

Answer 12

The spinal cord begins at the foramen magnum and ends at the conus medullaris.

Question 13

What are the divisions of the ANS and where do they emerge from the CNS?

Answer 13

Divisions of the ANS include:
* Sympathetic (emerges from thoracolumbar region)
* Parasympathetic (emerges from craniosacral region)

Question 14

Distinguish between somatic motor and autonomic motor neuron pathways.

Answer 14

Somatic motor pathways control voluntary movements, while autonomic motor pathways control involuntary functions.

Question 15

What are ganglia?

Answer 15

Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 16

What effect does the sympathetic division of the ANS have on the body?

Answer 16

The sympathetic division prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’ responses, increasing heart rate and blood flow to muscles.

Question 17

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 17

Controls voluntary motor commands.

Question 18

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 18

Controls vision.

Question 19

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

Answer 19

Regulates the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Question 20

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 20

Influences hormone release from the pituitary gland.

Question 21

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 21

Control of balance.

Question 22

Which part of the nervous system protects the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 22

The meninges protect the CNS, not the PNS.

Question 23

What is the grey matter of the brain and spinal cord composed of?

Answer 23

Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals.

Question 24

What is the cervical enlargement?

Answer 24

The region of the spinal cord that innervates the arms.

Question 25

What is the cauda equina?

Answer 25

A bundle of spinal nerve roots that extends below the conus medullaris.

Question 26

What is the significance of the longitudinal fissure?

Answer 26

It divides the brain into left and right hemispheres.

Question 27

Fill in the blank: The three layers that surround and protect a nerve are the _______.

Answer 27

[Endoneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium]

Question 28

What is the function of the pons?

Answer 28

Controls respiration and relays impulses between different parts of the brain.

Question 29

Is the diencephalon composed of white or grey matter?

Answer 29

Grey matter.

Question 30

List the four structures that make up the diencephalon.

Answer 30

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus.

Question 31

What is the role of the cerebellum?

Answer 31

Coordinates balance, eye movements, and posture.

Question 32

What is the anterior median fissure?

Answer 32

A groove that separates the two halves of the spinal cord.

Question 33

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 33

Acts as a relay station for sensory information.

Question 34

What does the central sulcus separate?

Answer 34

The frontal and parietal lobes.

Question 35

What does the pre-central gyrus control?

Answer 35

Voluntary motor commands.

Question 36

What does the post-central gyrus evaluate?

Answer 36

Somatic sensory information.

Question 37

What lobes does the lateral fissure separate?

Answer 37

Temporal from parietal and frontal lobes

Question 38

What lobes does the central sulcus separate?

Answer 38

Frontal and parietal lobes

Question 39

In which lobe is the pre-central gyrus found?

Answer 39

Frontal

Question 40

In which lobe is the post-central gyrus found?

Answer 40

Parietal

Question 41

What two parts of the brain does the corpus callosum connect?

Answer 41

Left and right hemispheres

Question 42

What effect does severing the corpus callosum have on information transfer between hemispheres?

Answer 42

It is much harder for the brain to send messages between the hemispheres

Question 43

Is the external surface of the brain made of white matter or grey matter?

Answer 43

Grey matter

Question 44

What is the significance of the convolutions on the surface of the brain?

Answer 44

They allow for more space to fit in more neurons

Question 45

What is the name of the 5th lobe revealed by separating the lateral sulcus?

Answer 45

Insula

Question 46

List the three connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord from outermost to innermost.

Answer 46

* Dura mater * Arachnoid mater * Pia mater

Question 47

What is contained in the sub-arachnoid space?

Answer 47

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 48

List three functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Answer 48

* Allows brain to float within cranial cavity * Protects CNS from blows and other trauma * Provides some nutrients to CNS tissue

Question 49

What are the names of the ventricles in the brain?

Answer 49

* Lateral ventricles * Third ventricle * Fourth ventricle

Question 50

What happens if cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) does not drain properly?

Answer 50

Excess fluid applies pressure to the brain, compressing neural tissue

Question 51

What does the case of patient H.M. teach us about memory formation?

Answer 51

Formation and storage of memories are supported by different systems in the brain

Question 52

Which lobe of the brain was operated on in H.M.'s case?

Answer 52

Temporal lobe

Question 53

What type of memory could H.M. still learn, despite his impairment?

Answer 53

Procedural memory

Question 54

What part of the brain was affected in Phineas Gage's accident?

Answer 54

Frontal lobe

Question 55

What functions are controlled by the brainstem and other deep brain structures?

Answer 55

Vital functions of the brain

Question 56

What changes in behavior were reported for Phineas Gage after his accident?

Answer 56

Personality and mood changes; became restless and poor at controlling impulses

Question 57

What brain system is involved in behavioral and emotional responses?

Answer 57

Limbic system

Question 58

Which part of the brain is responsible for locomotion and fine motor control?

Answer 58

Cerebellum

Question 59

What does the term agenesis mean?

Answer 59

The organ/structure has failed to develop

Question 60

What adaptations allow the human brain to accommodate a large number of neurons?

Answer 60

The cortex is folded into many sulci and gyri

Question 61

What is the significance of the size of the human cerebral cortex?

Answer 61

It is important for awareness, logic, and abstract reasoning

Question 62

Match the animal with their superior sensing ability: Pigeon

Answer 62

Navigation

Question 63

Match the animal with their superior sensing ability: Chimpanzee

Answer 63

Working memory

Question 64

Match the animal with their superior sensing ability: Shark

Answer 64

Smell

Question 65

Match the animal with their superior sensing ability: Bat

Answer 65

Echolocation