C2.2 - R* Electronic structures and the periodic table

Question 1

How many main groups are there in the periodic table?

Answer 1

There are 8 main groups in the periodic table

Question 2

What important summary does the periodic table give?

Answer 2

The periodic table gives an important summary of the electronic structures of all the elements

Question 3

Why do elements in the same group of the periodic table react in similar ways?

Answer 3

The elements in the same group of the periodic table react in similar ways because their atoms have the same number of electrons in their highest energy level (outermost shell)

Question 4

What does the group number in the periodic table tell you?

Answer 4

The group number in the periodic table tells you the number of electrons in the outermost shell (highest occupied energy level) of an atom

Question 5

What is the main difference between metals and non-metals?

Answer 5

The main difference between:
1. Metals
2. Non-metals
is that metals conduct electricity but non-metals generally are electrical insulators

Question 6

In general, metals have much higher what compared to non-metals?

Answer 6

In general, metals have much higher:
1. Melting
2. Boiling
points compared to non-metals

Question 7

Comparing solid examples of metals and non-metals, what do you find?

Answer 7

Comparing solid examples of metals and non-metals, you find that metals are:
1. Ductile
2. Malleable
,whereas non-metal solids are brittle

Question 8

Ductile

Answer 8

Ductile means that it can be drawn out into wires

Question 9

Malleable

Answer 9

Malleable means that it can be hammered into shapes without smashing

Question 10

Noble gases are monatomic (single-atom) gases.

Why do they exist as single atoms?

Answer 10

Noble gases exist as monatomic (single-atom) gases, because they have:

1. A stable electronic structure
2. No tendency to react and modify their electronic structures by forming molecules

Question 11

What have chemists managed to make from the larger noble gases?

Answer 11

Chemists have managed to make a few compounds from the larger noble gases

Question 12

What are the trends in boiling points of the noble gases?

Answer 12

The trends in boiling points of the noble gases is that they get higher going down the group

Question 13

What does helium, at the top of group 0, boil at?

Answer 13

Helium, at the top of group 0, boils at -269 degrees Celsius

Question 14

What does radon, at the bottom of group 0, boil at?

Answer 14

Radon, at the bottom of group 0, boils at -62 degrees Celsius

Question 15

What all materials made of?

Answer 15

All materials are made of the around 100 elements in the periodic table

Question 16

In the periodic table, the elements are laid out in order of what?

Answer 16

In the periodic table, the elements are laid out in order of increasing atomic (proton) number

Question 17

What does the elements in the periodic table being placed in order of their atomic (proton) number do?

Answer 17

The elements in the periodic table being placed in order of their atomic (proton) number arranges the elements so that they line up in groups (vertical columns) with similar properties

Question 18

Elements with similar properties form what?

Answer 18

Elements with similar properties form vertical columns

Question 19

Elements with similar properties form vertical columns.

What are these vertical columns called?

Answer 19

These vertical columns are called groups

Question 20

What are the rows in the periodic table called?

Answer 20

The rows in the period table are called periods

Question 21

The rows are called periods.

What does each new period represent?

Answer 21

Each new period represents another full shell of electrons

Question 22

What are metals?

Answer 22

Metals are elements which can form positive ions when they react

Question 23

What are most elements in the periodic table?

Answer 23

Most elements in the periodic table are metals

Question 24

Non-metals do not generally do what when they react?

Answer 24

Non-metals do not generally form positive ions when they react

Question 25

What do metals to the left of the periodic table not have?

Answer 25

Metals to the left of the periodic table do not have many electrons to remove

Question 26

Metals to the left of the periodic table do not have many electrons to remove. What do metals towards the bottom of the periodic table have?

Answer 26

Metals towards the bottom of the periodic table have outer electrons which are a long way from the nucleus

Question 27

1. Metals to the left of the periodic table do not have many electrons to remove. 2. Metals towards the bottom of the periodic table have outer electrons which are a long way from the nucleus so feel a weaker attraction. What do both of these effects mean?

Answer 27

Both of these effects mean that not much energy is needed to remove the electrons

Question 28

It's feasible for metals elements to react to form positive ions with a full outer shell. Why is it much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions?

Answer 28

It is much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions, because they are either: 1. To the right of the periodic table Or, 2. Towards the top of the periodic table

Question 29

What do all metals have?

Answer 29

All metals have metallic bonding

Question 30

As non-metals don't have metallic bonding, what do they not tend to exhibit?

Answer 30

As non-metals don't have metallic bonding, they do not tend to exhibit the same properties as metals

Question 31

As non-metals don't have metallic bonding, they don't tend to exhibit the same properties as metals. What do they tend to be?

Answer 31

Non-metals tend to be: 1. Dull looking 2. More brittle 3. Aren't always solids at room temperature 4. Don't generally conduct electricity 5. Often have a lower density

Question 32

Why do non-metals have a wide range of chemical properties?

Answer 32

Non-metals have a wide range of chemical properties, because they form a variety of different structures

Question 33

How many electrons do the atoms of noble gases have in their outermost shell?

Answer 33

The atoms of noble gases have 8 electrons in their outermost shell

Question 34

The atoms of noble gases have 8 electrons in their outermost shell, making the atoms very stable. What is the exception?

Answer 34

The exception is the first of the noble gases, helium, which has just 2 electrons in its outermost shell

Question 35

What do the noble gases not do?

Answer 35

The noble gases do not react with very much

Question 36

The group 0 elements are all what gases?

Answer 36

The group 0 elements are all: 1. Inert 2. Colourless gases

Question 37

Group 0

Answer 37

Group 0 is: 1. Helium 2. Neon 3. Argon 4. Krypton 5. Xenon 6. Radon

Question 38

Why are the noble gases more or less inert?

Answer 38

``` The noble gases are more or less inert, because their outer shells are energetically stable, so they don't need to: 1. Give up Or, 2. Gain electrons to become more stable ```

Question 39

Inert

Answer 39

Inert is chemically inactive, not reacting

Question 40

All elements in group 0 are what at room temperature?

Answer 40

All elements in group 0 are colourless gases at room temperature

Question 41

Because the noble gases are inert, what are they?

Answer 41

Because the noble gases are inert, they are non-flammable, they won't set on fire

Question 42

The trends as you go down group 0

Answer 42

The trends as you go down group 0 are: 1. Boiling points increase 2. Relative atomic mass increases

Question 43

As you go down group 0, the boiling points increase. | What is the increase in boiling point due to?

Answer 43

The increase in boiling point is due to an increase in the number of electrons in each atom leading to greater intermolecular forces between them that need to be overcome

Question 44

The main difference between metals and non-metals is that metals conduct electricity but non-metals generally are electrical insulators. Notable exceptions are what?

Answer 44

Notable exceptions are some forms of carbon

Question 45

Chemists have managed to make a few compounds from the larger noble gases. These contain what?

Answer 45

These contain the most reactive non-metallic elements: 1. Fluorine 2. Oxygen

Question 46

Chemists have managed to make a few compounds from the larger noble gases. These contain the most reactive non-metallic elements, fluorine and oxygen, for example in the compounds what?

Answer 46

These contain the most reactive non-metallic elements, fluorine and oxygen, for example in the compounds: 1. XeF6 2. XeO4

Question 47

Why do atoms generally react?

Answer 47

Atoms generally react to form a full outer shell

Question 48

Atoms generally react to form a full outer shell, via what?

Answer 48

``` Atoms generally react to form a full outer shell, via: 1. Losing 2. Gaining Or, 2. Sharing electrons ```

Question 49

Metals to the left of the periodic table do not have many electrons to remove. Metals towards the bottom of the periodic table have outer electrons which are a long way from the nucleus, so what?

Answer 49

Metals towards the bottom of the periodic table have outer electrons which are a long way from the nucleus, so feel a weaker attraction

Question 50

1. Metals to the left of the periodic table do not have many electrons to remove. 2. Metals towards the bottom of the periodic table have outer electrons which are a long way from the nucleus so feel a weaker attraction. Both of these effects mean that not much energy is needed to remove the electrons, so it's feasible for these elements to do what?

Answer 50

Both of these effects mean that not much energy is needed to remove the electrons, so it's feasible for these elements to react to form positive ions with a full outer shell

Question 51

It's feasible for metals elements to react to form positive ions with a full outer shell. It is much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions, because they are either to the right of the periodic table, where they have what, or, towards the top of the periodic table?

Answer 51

It is much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions, because they are either: 1. To the right of the periodic table, where they have lots of electrons to remove to get a full outer shell Or, 2. Towards the top of the periodic table

Question 52

It's feasible for metals elements to react to form positive ions with a full outer shell. It is much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions, because they are either to the right of the periodic table, or towards the top of the periodic table, where what?

Answer 52

It is much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions, because they are either: 1. To the right of the periodic table Or, 2. Towards the top of the periodic table, where the outer electrons are close to the nucleus so feel a strong attraction

Question 53

It's feasible for metals elements to react to form positive ions with a full outer shell. It is much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions, because they are either to the right of the periodic table, where they have lots of electrons to remove to get a full outer shell, or towards the top of the periodic table, where the outer electrons are close to the nucleus so feel a strong attraction. It is far more feasible for them to do what to get a full outer shell?

Answer 53

``` It is far more feasible for them to either: 1. Share Or, 2. Gain electrons to get a full outer shell ```

Question 54

All metals have metallic bonding, which causes them to have what?

Answer 54

All metals have metallic bonding, which causes them to have similar basic physical properties: 1. They're strong (hard to break), but can be bent or hammered into different shapes (malleable) 2. They're good at conducting heat and electricity 3. They have high boiling and melting points

Question 55

The atoms of noble gases have 8 electrons in their outermost shell, making the atoms what?

Answer 55

The atoms of noble gases have 8 electrons in their outermost shell, making the atoms very stable

Question 56

The atoms of noble gases have 8 electrons in their outermost shell, making the atoms very stable. The exception is the first of the noble gases, helium, which has just 2 electrons in its outermost shell, but this complete first shell is also what?

Answer 56

The exception is the first of the noble gases, helium, which has just 2 electrons in its outermost shell, but this complete first shell is also a very stable electronic structure

Question 57

The noble gases do not react with very much and you can't even what?

Answer 57

The noble gases do not react with very much and you can't even see them