What are the forms of plasma calcium?
Ionised, bound and complexed
What is the active form of calcium?
Ionised
What are the two absorption mechanisms of calcium?
Active transport and simple diffusion
What calcium absorption mechanism uses vitamin D?
Active transport
What causes hypocalcaemia?
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Diet
- Renal disease
- low parathyroid hormone
What are the symptoms of hypocalcaemia?
- confusion
- arrhythmias
- muscle cramps
What are the causes of hypercalcaemia?
- hyperparathyroidism
- cancers (lung etc)
- excessive vitamin D
- kidney disease
What are the symptoms of hypercalcaemia?
- lethargy
- confusion
- abdominal pain
- constipation
How is calcium measured?
Total calcium - calcium attached to proteins
Free calcium
What type of phosphate is measured?
Inorganic
What is phosphate involved in?
High ATP and calcium balance
How is phosphate regulated?
PTH: lowers phosphate when in excess
Vitamin D: increases phosphate
What aids in phosphate homeostasis?
Fibroblast growth factor -23
What causes hypophosphatemia?
- glucose or insulin shift
- hyperparathyroidism
- vit D deficiency
What are the causes of hyperphosphatemia?
- renal failure
- hypoparathyroidism
