cancer <-> own notes and flashcards

Question 1

all __________ are diseases of cell division and differentiation

Answer 1

cancers

Question 2

key characteritics of normal cells

Answer 2

1. internal “clock”
2. hormones
3. inhibitory signals form nearby cells

Question 3

most cancers can be _______-

Answer 3

prevented

Question 4

also known as neoplasm; a discrete mass of cells resulting from hyperplasia

Answer 4

tumor

Question 5

hyperplasia

Answer 5

Substantial increase in the rate of cell division.

Question 6

benign tumors

Answer 6

noncancerous; remain in one location; single, well defined mass, may be surrounded by connective tissue; often can readily removed surgically

Question 7

Considered a precancerous state; abnormal change in cell structure

Answer 7

dysplasia

Question 8

defined as cancer when its cells completely lose
organization, structure, and regulatory control

Answer 8

tumor

Question 9

tumor stays in one place

Answer 9

in situ cancer

Question 10

invades normal tissue and compromises
organ function.

Answer 10

malignant tumor

Question 11

a tumor undergoing metastasis means ->

Answer 11

Spread of the cancer to another organ or body region.
▪ Secondary, malignant tumors at other locations may
develop.

Question 12

cancer stages

Answer 12

stage 0: in situ tumor. Cells in the tumor are
abnormal, but they are only found in the tumor
stages I-III: Defined for each type of cancer, based
on size, degree of spread, lymph node involvement
stage IV: cancer has metastasized to distant sites
and organs.

Question 13

TWO Factors Contributing to Cancer Development which usually occur with specifc mutations in cell’s genes

Answer 13

1. Cell must divide uncontrollably
2. Cell must undergo physical changes and break
   away from surrounding cells

Question 14

structural genes

Answer 14

code for proteins necessary for cell growth, division, differentiation, adhesion

Question 15

Regulatory genes

Answer 15

code for proteins that either activate or
repress the expression of structural genes

Question 16

proto-cocogenes

Answer 16

normal regulatory gene that
promotes growth, division, differentiation, adhesion

Question 17

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 17

normal regulatory gene
that typically applies the brakes to unchecked cell growth,
division, differentiation.
* Inhibits these activities in cells that are stressed

Question 18

• Mutated or damaged proto-oncogenes.
• May cause cells to grow and divide more quickly than
  normal.
• May result in a cell failing to respond to inhibitory signals.
• Analogous to a stuck gas pedal.
  Cancer develops only when multiple _______________ are present

Answer 18

onocogen

Question 19

factors that can lead to cancer

Answer 19

age, heritable susceptibility – inherited, multigene, tobacco, alchol consumption, radiation, diet and obesity, viuruses and

Question 20

process of transforming a normal cell into
a cancer cell

Answer 20

carcinogenesis

Question 21

tumor imaging

Answer 21

x-rays, CAT scan, ultrasound scan, positron emission tomogrpahy (PET), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 22

specific chemicals produced by cancer cells that can be detected and measured in the blood.

Answer 22

Tumor Marker Tests - PSA, AFP, CA125

Question 23

cancer treatment

Answer 23

surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy

Question 24

low does x-RAY USED FOR EARLY DETECTION OF BREAST CNACER

Answer 24

MAMMOGRAM

Question 25

Skin Lesions to detect melanoma or skin cancer

Answer 25

A - asymmetry , B - border, C-color, D-diamter, E- evolution