final exam -- slide_show study Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
name the characteristics of life (s)
A
- have different molecular composition than nonliving things (carbon is key)
- require energy and raw materials
- maintain homeostasis ( a state of internal balance)
- respond to their external environment
- are composed of cells
6.grow and reproduce
2
Q
a state of internal balance is
A
homeostasis
3
Q
__________ is the basic unit of life
A
the cell
4
Q
defining features of humans (four thing)
A
- bipedalism: able to stand upright and walk on two legs
- large brain: relative to body size
- capacity for complex language
- opposable thumbs -> able to grasp objects between thumbs and tips of fingers
5
Q
a well tested ___________ becomes a theory
A
hypothesis
6
Q
isotopes
A
atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons and different atomic mass
7
Q
all atoms of an element have the same number of _________
A
protons
8
Q
unstable isotopes that are radioactive
A
radioisotopes
9
Q
chemical bonds
A
attractive forces holding atoms together
10
Q
three types of chemical bonds
A
- covalent bonds
- Ionic bonds
- hydrogen bonds
11
Q
very strong; atoms share electrons ; ex: h20
A
covalent bond
12
Q
moderate; the bond between two oppositely charged ions
A
Ionic bond
13
Q
weak; the bond between oppositely charged regions of molecules that contain covalently bonded hydrogen atoms
A
hydrogen bond
14
Q
pH Scale
A
acidic: pH < 7
neutral: pH = 7
basic: pH > 7
15
Q
make of carbon and hydrogen; can be made by covalent bonds
A
organic molecules
16
Q
four types of organic molecules
A
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
17
Q
what are simple sugars? and give me examples
A
monosaccharides; glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose,deoxyribose
18
Q
polysaccharides
A
glucose monomers joined to form more complex carbohydrates – poly = many
19
Q
energy-storage molecules; also known as fats and oils
A
triglycerides
20
Q
fatty acids (two types )
A
saturated - all single bonds between carbons
unsaturated - include some double bonds between carbons
21
Q
primary componenet of cell memebranes
A
phospholipids
22
Q
complex structures constructed of amino acids
A
protiens
23
Q
long chains (polymers) of subunits (monomers) called
A
amino acids
24
Q
what is composed of protiens and facilitiate biochemical reactions
A
enzymes
25
what carries energy
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
26
cell theory (3 choices)
1. all living things are composed of cells
2. a single cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all of the characteristics of life
3. all cells come only form preexisitng cells
27
power plant of the cell
mitochondria
28
eukaryotes have
nucleus
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
organeells
29
organelles
Variety of membrane-bound structures within the
cytoplasm with specialized functions
30
Internal cell contents, excluding the nucleus
Includes soft gel-like fluid called cytosol
cytoplasm
31
membrane bound genetic material (dna)
nucleus
32
a lipid bilayer
the plasma membrane
33
plasma membrane is composed of
phosoplidids: two layers (bilayer)
- polar heads: face outside and face the cytoplasm
- nonpolar tails meet in center
cholestrol
protiends
nonrigid
fluid mosiac --- not achored together and dift relartive to each toher
34
how molecules cross the plasma membrane in several Ways
1. passive transport
2. active transport
3. bulk transport
35
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
36
active transport
moves substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration; requires ATP or toher energy soruce
37
privdes the cell with energy; used to make ATP
glucose
38
transitional tissue from which bone develops; maintains shape of certain body parts (nose, ears), cushions
vertebrae (vertebral disks), lines joint cavities
cartilage
39
forms the skeleton
bone
40
fluid matrix of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells,
and platelets; transports materials
blood
41
fat cells; functions in insulation, protection, and energy storage
adipose tissue
42
Rapid communication network including brain, spinal cord, and
nerves throughout the body
nervous tissues
43
specialized nervous system cell
neuron
44
cytoplasmic extensions from cell body, receive
signals from other neuron
dendrites
45
transims electrical impulses long distances
axon
46
glial cells
Surround and protect neurons
Provide nutrients to neurons
47
Structures composed of two or more tissue types joined
together; perform specific functions
organs
48
body cavities
Anterior (front) cavity
Thoracic (chest) cavity
Abdominal(belly) cavity
Posterior (back) cavity
* Cranial (brain) cavity
* Spinal cavity
49
layer of connective tissue plus layer of epithelial cells
Tissue membranes
50
outer layer of skin
epidermis
51
contains stem cells which produce red
blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
red marrow
52
trabeculae form lattice-like support in ends
(epiphyses) of long bones
spongy bond
53
forms shaft (diaphysis) and ends
(epiphyses) of long bones, contains marrow space
compact bone
54
(mostly fat) in marrow space
yellow bone marrow
55
backbone or spine
vertebral column
56
cushion vertebrae; assist in
movement and flexibility
Intervertebral disks
57
At birth, flat bones of newborn’s skull are separated by spaces
filled with fibrous connective tissue
* Spaces are called _________
fontanels
58
-itis suffix refers to
inflammation
59
inflammation of joints
arthritis
60
slow twitch fibers vs fast twitch fibers
contract slowly vs contract quickly
61
atp is replenished
- Creatine phosphate can rapidly transfer a
phosphate to ADP, replenishing ATP.
- Stored glycogen is hydrolyzed to glucose,
metabolized anaerobically.
- Aerobic metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and
other high-energy molecules
62
contractile unit of myofibrils; a segment of myofibril extending from one Z-line
to the next
sarcomore
63
forms thick filaments
myosin
64
forms thing filaments
actin
65
attachment points for sarcomeres
z-lines
66
which cells defend the body
white blood cells (leukocytes0
67
__________ is essential for blook clotting
platelets
68
formation of blood clot
coagulation
69
where blood exchanges substances with tissues
capillaries
70
what returns blood to heart
veins
71
what coordiantes contraction
cardiac conduction
72
highest pressure, as blood is
ejected during ventricular systole
systolic pressure
73
lowest pressure, as blood
returns to the heart during ventricular diastole
Diastolic pressure
74
single-celled living organisms; lack membrane (prokaryotic)
bacteria
75
the total of all microorganisms that live in or on the body.
human microbiota
76
Antibody-Mediated Immunit
b cells
77
B cell activation
when they recognize thier specific antigen
78
promote b cell activation via cytokines
helper t cells
79
chemical messengers that enable
communication among immune system cells.
cytokins
80
b cells are divided and differentiating into two types of cells
memory cells - store information for future immune
responses
plasma cells - actively secrete antibodies (defensive
proteins), which will bind to antigen.
81
cell-mediated immunity
t cells
82
types of t cells
helper t cells
cytotoxic t cells
memory t cells
83
- secrete cytokines, which stimulate other immune system
cells.
* Play a key role in directing the immune response.
* Are targets of HIV infection
helpter t cells
84
Directly attack and destroy abnormal (tumor or viral-
infected) cells and foreign cells.
cytotoxic t cells
85
Reactivate during later exposures.
* Protects against future infections.
memory t cells
86
the voice box; produces sound
larynx
87
flexible flap of cartilage that routes air
and food appropriately
epiglottis
88
gas exchange between air in
alveoli and blood in alveolar capillaries
external respiration
89
internal respiration
as exchange between blood in
capillaries and tissues
90
two parts of nervous system
1. central nerovus system
2. peripheral nervous system
91
central nervous sytem (cns)
Components: brain and spinal cord
* Functions: receives, processes, transfers information
92
pheripheral nervous systme
components: nerves outside of the CNS
93
sensory division
carries information toward the CNS
94
motor division
carries info away from cns
95
somatic division
controls skeletal muscles (soma =
body).
96
autonomic division
controls smooth muscle, cardiac
muscle, and glands (automatic
97
sympathetic
“fight-or-flight”
98
parasympathetic
"rest and digest"
99
movement and automatic fucntion; keeps you alive
hindbrain
100
involved in emotions and memory
limbic system
101
overview of urinary system
Two kidneys: produce urine.
* Two ureters: tubes that move urine from kidneys to bladder.
* One urinary bladder: muscular sack that holds urine.
* One urethra: tube that moves urine from bladder to outside the
body
102
trap heat and keep it from escaping the atmosphere; causing atmosphere to heat up
greenhouse gases
103
gasses lest sunlight through but trap heat from radiating back outward into space and responsible for global warming
greenhouse effect
104
major force for environmental change
urbinzation
105
two different atmospheric locations
ozone
106
____ deplete ozone layer
CFCs
107
abnormal change inc ell structure; considered precancerous state
dysplasia
108
tumor stays in one place
in situ cancer
109
invades normal tissue and compromises organ fucntion
malignant tumor
110
spead of the caner to antoher organ or body region
metastasis
111
random changes in allele freqeuncy due to chance event s
genetic drift
112
Occurs when a major catastrophe wipes out a large
proportion of the population without regard to fitness
bottleneck effect
113
Occurs when a few individuals leave the group and
establish a new population; the allele frequency of the
founding members may not be representative of the
existing population
founder effect
114
The Impact of Geographic Barriers and
Continental Drift on Evolutionary Processes
*Biogeography:
115
the progressive deterioration of organs
and multiple organ systems over time
senescence
116
inhertance of x-linked traits
passed to sons by mother but never by father
117
Heterozygotes express a phenotype intermediate between
either homozygote.
incomplete dominance
118
Masks or suppresses the expression of its
complementary allele.
* Always expressed, even if heterozygous
dominaant allele
119
Will not be expressed if paired with a dominant
allele (heterozygous).
* Will only be expressed if individual is homozygous
for the recessive allele.
Recessive allele
120
observable physical and
functional traits
phenotype
121
an individual’s complete set of
alleles
genotype
122
lternative forms of a gene.
arise from mutation.
Alleles
123
two identical alleles at a particular
* Homozygous:
124
two different alleles at a particular
* Heterozygous:
125
DNA sequences that contain instructions for
building proteins
genes
126
study of genes and their transmission from
one generation to the next
genetics
127
sum total of all of an organism’s DNA
genome
128
the hollow, pear-shaped organ where the fertilized egg
grows and develops.
uterus
129
fertilized egg implants here; helps form
placenta and supports developing embryo/fetus
endometrium
130
smooth muscle; expands during pregnancy;
constricts during labor
myometrium
131
the narrow opening in the lower part of the uterus
that permits sperm to enter the uterus and allows the fetus to
exit during birth
cervix
132
Crystallized minerals.
* May block urine flow in ureters.
* May be broken apart with ultrasound or removed surgically
kidney stones
133
___________ help maintian acid base balance and blood ph
kidneys
134
functional unit of the kidney
nephorn
135
_______- exert exictatory or inhibitory effects
neurotransmitters
136
Period when another action potential cannot be
generated.
* Ensures that action potentials only travel in one
direction.
Absolute refractory period:
137
Follows absolute refractory period.
* Membrane is slightly hyperpolarized.
* More difficult than usual to generate the next action
potential (requires greater depolarization signal)
Relative refractory period
138
a rapid change in the electrical charge of a cell's membrane, typically in neurons and muscle cells, that allows them to transmit signal
action potential
139
_________-- are all-or-none and self-propagating
action potentials
140
__________ cells suppoert and protect neurons
neuroglial
