lesson 11 -- immune system

Question 1

what are the barriers to entry in the immune system?

Answer 1

skin, stomach acid, tears, vomiting

Question 2

What are nonspecific defense mechanisms?

Answer 2

Phagocytosis and inflammation.

Question 3

what are specific defense mechanisms

Answer 3

Immune response involving antibodies from B cells and T cells.

Question 4

what are types of pathogens?

Answer 4

Living organisms (bacteria, fungi, parasites) and nonliving infectious particles (viruses, prions).

Question 5

what are the functions of lymphatic system?

Answer 5

Maintenance of blood volume, transport of fats, filtration of foreign material.

Question 6

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

Answer 6

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils.

Question 7

what are the types of defense cells?

Answer 7

Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), natural killer cells, T cells (helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells).

Question 8

what is primary immune response

Answer 8

The immune response during first exposure to an antigen.

Question 9

What is secondary immune response?

Answer 9

Faster immune response during subsequent exposures to an antigen.

Question 10

What is active immunization?

Answer 10

Vaccination to develop immunity.

Question 11

What is passive immunization

Answer 11

Administration of antibodies to an individual.

Question 12

Antibiotics are effective against which type of pathogen?

Answer 12

bacteria

Question 13

Which is the most common type of immunoglobulin?

Answer 13

lgG

Question 14

Which immune cell produces antibodies?

Answer 14

B lymphocytes (B cells)

Question 15

Which is NOT a physical/chemical barrier in the first line of defense?

Answer 15

Anitbodies

Question 16

Whta do vaccines contain to stimulate immunity

Answer 16

antigens of the pathogen

Question 17

How does passive immunity differ from active immunity?

Answer 17

Passive immunity involves administering antibodies from a donor.

Question 18

What is an inappropriate immune response to a harmless substance called?

Answer 18

Allergy

Question 19

Which lymphatic tissue protects the throat?

Answer 19

Tonsils

Question 20

Can viral infections be treated with antibiotics?

Answer 20

No, viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics.

Question 21

How do resident bacteria protect against harmful microorganisms?

Answer 21

By outcompeting pathogens for nutrients and attachment sites.

Question 22

What are the three main lines of defense in the human body?

Answer 22

Barriers to entry (physical/chemical), nonspecific (innate) defenses, specific (adaptive) defenses

Question 23

Name two examples of physical barriers in the first line of defense

Answer 23

Skin and mucous membranes

Question 24

What are examples of chemical barriers in the first line of defense?

Answer 24

Stomach acid, lysozyme in tears and saliva, acidic vaginal environment, ear wax.

Question 25

What is the main function of phagocytes?

Answer 25

Engulf and digest foreign cells and debris (phagocytosis).

Question 26

Which cells are responsible for producing antibodies?

Answer 26

B lymphocytes (B cells)

Question 27

Which immune cells directly kill virus-infected or cancerous cells?

Answer 27

Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells

Question 28

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 28

Maintains blood volume, transports fats, and filters foreign material to defend against infection

Question 29

What is lymph?

Answer 29

A milky fluid containing white blood cells, proteins, fats, and sometimes pathogens

Question 30

What do lymph nodes do?

Answer 30

Filter lymph, trapping microorganisms and debris, and are packed with lymphocytes and macrophages.

Question 31

What is the role of the spleen?

Answer 31

Removes old red blood cells, stores blood, and contains lymphocytes

Question 32

what is the purpose of the thymus gland?

Answer 32

Site of T cell maturation, most active in childhood

Question 33

What are tonsils and adenoids responsible for?

Answer 33

Filtering food and air entering the throat and nasal passages.

Question 34

Q: What are the main types of pathogens?

Answer 34

A: Bacteria, fungi, parasites (living); viruses and prions (nonliving

Question 35

How do antibiotics work, and what do they treat?

Answer 35

A: They kill or inhibit bacteria, but do not work on viruses or prions.

Question 36

What is the difference between a eukaryotic cell, a bacterium, and a virus?

Answer 36

Eukaryotic cells are large with a nucleus; bacteria are smaller, prokaryotic, with a cell wall; viruses are much smaller, nonliving, and need a host cell to reproduce

Question 37

What are prions?

Answer 37

Infectious misfolded proteins causing neurodegenerative diseases like mad cow disease

Question 38

What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

Answer 38

A: Epidemic: regional outbreak; pandemic: global outbreak.

Question 39

What is the complement system?

Answer 39

A group of blood proteins that enhance inflammation, mark pathogens, and can lyse bacteria.

Question 40

What is the function of interferons?

Answer 40

Proteins released by virus-infected cells that help protect neighboring cells from viral infection

Question 41

What is the role of human microbiota?

Answer 41

Compete with pathogens, alter the environment, provide vitamins, and can become opportunistic if immunity is compromised

Question 42

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Answer 42

Active: developed after exposure or vaccination, long-lasting; Passive: acquired by receiving antibodies, temporary

Question 43

An inappropriate immune response to a harmless substance.

Answer 43

allergy

Question 44

Redness, warmth, swelling, and pain are signs of what?

Answer 44

inflammatory response