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human bio -- test three > immune system <-> my own notes and self-learning > Flashcards

immune system <-> my own notes and self-learning Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

what threats must our bodies defend against?

A
  1. bacteria and viruses
  2. pathogens
  3. cancer cells
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2
Q

what are a subset of microorganisms and viruses that cause disease

A

pathogens

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3
Q

name three types of the body’s defense mechanism

A

barriers , nonspecific defense, specific defense

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4
Q

what are the barriers to entry that expel and neutralize pathogens before they do harm

A

skin, stomach acid, tears, vomiting

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5
Q

what are nonspecific defense mechnisms

A

phagocytosis (eating), inflammation (a process)

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6
Q

what are specific defense mechanisms and name some

A

immune response that enables body to recognize and remove specifc bacteria, other foreing cells, and viruses; expample: anitbodies form b cells, t cells

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7
Q

what are disease-causing agents, including thier types

A

living organisms { bacteria, fungi, parasites }; non living infectious “particles” { viruses, prions( made of protien)}

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8
Q

what can antibiotics treat

A

only bacterial infections

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9
Q

covid-19, aids, hepatiti, colds, ebola, hemorrhagic fever are all caused by

A

viruses – tiny infectious agents, that need a host, constian either dna or rna

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10
Q

what are prions

A

infecitous , normal brain protiens that are not folded correctly

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11
Q

large outbreak of infectious disease in a
particular community, population, or region

A

epidemic

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12
Q

epidemic that spreads to many countries or
worldwide.

A

Pandemic

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13
Q

Virulence

A

Extent of damage caused by the infection

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14
Q

name the three ways the lymphatic system defends the body

A
  1. maintain blood volume
  2. transport fats
  3. filtration of foriegn material to defend agaisnt infection
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15
Q

parts of the lympahtic system

A

tonsils, Right lymphatic duct, thymus, thorocic duct, spleen, lymph vessels, lymph node

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16
Q

what is a milky fluid contianing white blood cells, protiens, fats, occasionally bacteria and viruses

A

lymph

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17
Q

what do lymph nodes do

A

they cleanse the lymph

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18
Q

what does the spleen do and name some diseases that cause spleen enlargement

A

it cleanses the blood; mononucleosis and luekemia

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19
Q

name tow regions of the spleen and thier functions

A

red pulp - removes bad red blood cells and is sued for temporary blood sorage
white pulp - contians lymphocytes, searches for pathogens

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20
Q

what is the site of maturation of T cells and is moslty active during childhood and atrophies(shirvels up) with age

A

thymus gland

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21
Q

mas sof lymphatic tissue near the entrnace of thorat, that filters food and air entering the thoat

A

tonsils

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22
Q

Lymphatic tissue near back of nasal passages and filters air

A

adenoids

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23
Q

the first line of defense, keeping pathogens our

A

skin, tears and saliva, ear wax, mucus, coughing and sneezing, stomach, vagina, vomiting, urination, and defecation, resident bacteria

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24
Q

the total of all microorganisms that live
in or on the body; many are benficial but some are opportunisitc

A

Human Microbiota

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25
how to maintain the normal microbiota
probiotic and prebiotics(encourage growth)
26
name the group of defenses ( nonspecfic defenses -> second line of defense)
1. complement protiens 2. Phagocytic cells 3. inflammation 4. Natural killer cells 4. interferons
27
Includes at least 30 proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state; it assists other defense mechanisms
Complement system
28
when activated, how does the complement proteins defend by:
1. marking invading microorganisms 2. Enhancing inflammation, which attracts phagocytes 3. Directly lysing (bursting) invading microorganisms.
29
what are phagocytes and name some
white blood cells that engulf foreign cells; neutraphils and macrophages
30
redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and is triggered by tissue injury
inflammation
31
what is a type of lymphocyte that targets tumors and virus--infected cells
Natural killer cells
32
what interferes with viral reproduction and is an early warning system
interferons
33
what are fevers denfensive properties
makes body less hospitable to pathogens, and enhances body's defenses
34
name the the third line of defense ( specific defense mechanism) and it's characteristics
the immune reponse: knows difference between bad and good celss, and has memory of exposures
35
this is targeted by the immune system and are any substance that triggers an immune reponse
antigens
36
major histocompatibility complex (MHC Protiens)
enable immune system to disitnguis "self" and nonself.
37
anitgen
a molecule- one the surface of a pahtogen, that the immune system recognizes as a specifc "foe"
38
central ot the specfic defences, this is atype of white blood cell, originating from stem cells in the bone marrow
lymphocytes
39
name two typles of lymphocytes and what they about
b lymphocytes: antibody-mediated immunity t lymphocytes: cell-mediated immunity
40
antibodies
proteins made by descendants of B lymphocytes that bind with and neutralize specific antigens
41
classfied as gamma globulins and are known as immunoglobulins (Ig)
anitbodies
42
classes of anitbodies
IgG: most prevalent in the blood IgM: first antibody produced in an immune response IgA: found in body secretions, including breast milk IgD: function is unclear; may serve as antigen receptors on B cells IgE: plays a key role in allergic responses. 48
43
these cells stimulate other immune cells
helper t cells
44
45
three types of t-cells: cell-mediated immunity
helper t cells cytotoxic t cells memory t cells
46
what kills abnormal and foreign cells
cytotoxic t cells
47
Mature in bone marrow. Responsible for antibody- mediated immunity.
B cells
48
produce and secrete specifc antibodies
plasma cells
49
store information. Upon subsequent exposure to a specific antigen, these cells proliferate and differentiate forming plasma cells that secrete antibodies and more memory cells
memory b cells
50
A class of signaling molecules that stimulate various immune system activities.
cytokines
51
Store information. Upon subsequent exposure to a specific antigen, are activated to become helper and cytotoxic T cells
memory t cells
52
Attack and destroy abnormal cells with perforin and granzyme
cytotoxic t cells
53
Produce cytokines. Enhance immune responses by stimulating other immune cells
helpter t cells
54
Mature in thymus. Responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
t cells
55
immuniglobulins
Five classes of antibodies. Every antibody has a unique shape that fits one specific antigen
56
what is the primary immune response and it chracteristics
occurs on first exposure to antigen; characteristics is lag time for anitbody prodection ad anitbody production peaks at 10-12 days
57
what is the secondary immune response and it characteristics
occurs on Occurs on second or subsequent exposures to antigen; characteristics -> minimal lag time, antibody level rises more quickly, much more antibody is produced, antibody levels stay elevated longer
58
A strategy for causing the body to develop immunity to a specific pathogen
Immunization
59
Intentionally expose individual to a form of the antigen that doesn’t produce disease (vaccine)
active immunization also known as vaccination
60
administer protective antibodies to an individual
passive immunization
61
only work for bacteria, not viruses!
antibiotics
62
an effective weapon against pathogens
active immunization
63
help against exsiting or anticipated infection, but has no immune memory
passive immunization
64
Specific antibodies produced in the laboratory by a hybrid B cell clone; examples: home preganacy test, prostate cancer screening test, diagnostic testing, treatment for early covid-19
Monoclonal antibodies
65
tissue rejection
the attack of nonself cells by immune system
66
Inappropriate immune reaction (hypersensitivity) to an antigen that isn’t posing a risk to the body
allergies
67
Immune system fails to distinguish between “self” and “nonself” and mounts a harmful immune response against self-proteins or cells.
Autoimmune disorders
68
any substance (antigen) that causes an allergic reaction (not a pathogen, but the body reacts as though it is a pathogen); give name with examples
allergen; pollen, bee venom, foods, mold spores
69
severe life-threatening systemic reaction (difficulty breathing, circulatory collapse, drop in blood pressure). 77
anaphylactic shock
70
AIDS, stands for
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

human bio -- test three (14 decks)

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