Canu Heledd Vocabulary Flashcards
(373 cards)
1
Q
Canu Heledd §1.1
Sefwch
A
Stand
(2nd plural imperative)
2
Q
Canu Heledd §1.1
Allann
A
Outside
(Preposition)
3
Q
Canu Heledd §1.1
Vorynnyon
A
Maidens
(Plural feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘morynnyon’; noun used adverbially)
4
Q
Canu Heledd §1.1
Syllwch
A
Observe
(2nd plural imperative)
5
Q
Canu Heledd §1.2
Werydre
A
Land
(Feminine noun)
(Lenited from ‘gweredre’; inverse copula)
6
Q
Canu Heledd §1.3
Llys
A
Court
(Feminine noun)
7
Q
Canu Heledd §1.3, §40.1 ff.
Benngwern
A
Pengwern
(Proper noun)
(Lenited from ‘Penngwern’; preceded by feminine noun)
8
Q
Canu Heledd §1.3, §22.1
Neut
A
(Affirmative particle; functions like ‘a’)
9
Q
Canu Heledd §1.3
Tande
A
Blazing; a blaze
(Adjective; masculine noun)
10
Q
Canu Heledd §1.4
Gwae
A
Woe
(Interjection; exclamatory particle)
11
Q
Canu Heledd §1.4
Ieueinc
A
Young
(Adjective functioning as noun)
12
Q
Canu Heledd §1.4
Eidun
A
Long for
(3rd singular present indicative)
13
Q
Canu Heledd §1.4
Brotre
A
?Hair
(Noun; Uncertain meaning. Rowland suggests either hair, meaning a longing for youth to have beards, signifying maturity; or, suggests cloak, consistent with the fact that Pengwern’s court has been burned, depriving them of the most basic equipment.)
14
Q
Canu Heledd §2.1, §16.3
Prenn
A
Tree
(Masculine noun)
15
Q
Canu Heledd §2.1
Ygwydvit
A
In the forest
(Feminine noun)
(Compounded with preposition ‘yn’; Nasal mutation from ‘gwyddfid’ absorbed by particle)
16
Q
Canu Heledd §2.1
Gouit
A
Battle; grief
(Masculine noun)
(NB: The preceding particle ‘a’ likely means ‘with’)
17
Q
Canu Heledd §2.1
Arnaw
A
On it
(Compound preposition)
18
Q
Canu Heledd §2.2
Dieinc
A
Escapes
(3rd singular present indicative)
19
Q
Canu Heledd §2.2
Ys
A
It is
(Copula)
20
Q
Canu Heledd §2.2
Odit
A
A rare thing; an exceptional thing
(Masculine noun)
21
Q
Canu Heledd §2.3
Vynno
A
May desire
(3rd singular present/future subjunctive)
(Lenited from ‘mynno’; preceded by preverbal particle ‘a’)
22
Q
Canu Heledd §2.3
Derffit
A
Let … come to pass
(3rd singular imperative)
23
Q
Canu Heledd §3.1
Callon
A
Heart; spirit; emotion
(Feminine noun)
24
Q
Canu Heledd §3.1
Iaen
A
Ice
(Feminine noun)
25
Canu Heledd §3.1
Gaeaf
Winter
(Masculine noun)
26
Canu Heledd §3.2
Want
Pierced
(?3rd singular preterite)
(Lenited from 'gwant'; preceded by preverbal particle 'a')
27
Canu Heledd §3.2, §10.3
Twrch
Boar
(Masculine noun)
28
Canu Heledd §3.3
Trwy
Through
(Preposition)
29
Canu Heledd §3.2
Benn
Head
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'penn'; preceded by 3rd singular possessive pronoun 'y')
30
Canu Heledd §3.3
Cu
Dearly
(A substantive article that emphasises the importance of the action. Not easily translated into English.)
31
Canu Heledd §3.3
Rodeist
You gave
(2nd singular preterite)
32
Canu Heledd §3.3, §11.3
Cwrwf
Ale
(Masculine Noun)
33
Canu Heledd §4.1
Godeith
Heath-fire
(Feminine noun)
34
Canu Heledd §4.1
Wannwyn
Spring
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'Gwannwyn'; preceded by feminine noun in copula)
35
Canu Heledd §4.2, §32.2, §57.3
O
Because of
(Conjunction)
36
Canu Heledd §4.2
Gyflwyn
Gift
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'cyflwyn'; preceded by conjunction 'o')
37
Canu Heledd §4.2
Anghyuyeith
Enemies
(Collective masculine noun)
(Literally 'not of the same language', figuratively 'foreigner' and thus 'enemy'.)
38
Canu Heledd §4.3
Amwyn
Defending
(Verbal noun)
(NB: Preceded by the predicative particle 'yn', indicating this is the subordinate clause of the sentence.)
39
Canu Heledd §4.3 ff.
Tref
Township
(NB: Remember, in modern Welsh this is 'town' specifically; however, in middle Welsh it means a broader space-- thus 'township' is a good translation.)
40
Canu Heledd §4.3, §63.2
Diffeith
Wasted; desolate; laid to waste; wicked
(Adjective)
(Based on context; usually 'desolate' if describing a place, 'wicked' if describing a person.)
41
Canu Heledd §5.1
Befyrbost
Fair supporter
(Lenited from 'Pefyrbost'; the copula particle is omitted and so it is lenited to compensate.)
42
Canu Heledd §5.1
Kywlat
Borderland
(Masculine noun)
43
Canu Heledd §5.2, §6.2
Kadwynawc
Mail-clad
(Adjective; note the '-awc' ending)
44
Canu Heledd §5.2
Kildynnyawc
Stubborn
(Adjective; note the '-awc' ending)
45
Canu Heledd §5.3 ff.
Cat
Battle
(Masculine noun)
(Note the variation of the translation, however: it can be both 'battle' or 'host', and is often used interchangably.)
46
Canu Heledd §5.3, §6.3
Amucsei
Fought for
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)
(NB: Possibly 3rd singular pluperfect indicative? Thus 'had fought for')
47
Canu Heledd §6
Beuyrbwyll
Fine sense
(Lenited from 'Peuyrbwyll'; due to copula. Note that the second member of the compound, 'pwyll', is lenited also.)
48
Canu Heledd §6.1
Ovri
Honorable
(Adjective)
49
Canu Heledd §6.2, §8.3
Kynndynnawc
Unyielding
(Adjective)
50
Canu Heledd §6.2, §17.3, §64.2
Llu
(Member of the) host
(Masculine noun)
(In §64.2, we would expect 'llu' to be lenited as it follows the adjective, however 'll' does not lenite in these circumstances.)
51
Canu Heledd §6.3, §11.1
Hyt tra
As long as
(Conjunction)
52
Canu Heledd §6.3
Hyt tra vu
As long as he lived
(3rd singular preterite)
(Lenited from 'bu'; preceded by conjunction 'hyt tra'.)
(Literally 'as long as he was', but works better with the added word.)
53
Canu Heledd §7.1
Milgi
Hound
(Masculine noun)
54
Canu Heledd §7.2, §64.2
Pan
When
(Note; that this will always begin an adverbial phrase.)
55
Canu Heledd §7.2
Disgynnei
He descended
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)
56
Canu Heledd §7.2
Kymelri
Tumult
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(NB: It has been nasally mutated, but the mutation is not written, having been absorbed by the preceding particle.)
(Note also that this word is joined in a copula with the 'cat' that begins the following line.)
57
Canu Heledd §7.3
Calaned a ledi
He struck dead
(Plural noun; 3rd singular imperfect indicative)
(Literally: 'he killed corpses')
58
Canu Heledd §8.1
Hebawc
Hawk
(Masculine noun)
59
Canu Heledd §8.2
Buteir ennwir
A bird of prey
(Unclear. ‘Buteir’ may be related to the ‘bydeir’ in 54b, possibly a bird of prey; ‘ennwir’ might be a positive adjective, ‘an’ (intensifier) + (SM) ‘gwir’ (true).
60
Canu Heledd §8.2
Gynndeiryawc
Very true and fierce
(Compound adjective)
61
Canu Heledd §8.3
Keneu
Whelp
(Masculine or feminine noun)
62
Canu Heledd §8.3
Kyndrwyn
Cyndrwyn
(Proper noun)
(Cynddylan's father)
63
Canu Heledd §9.1
Gwythhwch
Wild boar
(Masculine noun)
64
Canu Heledd §9.2
Disgynnei
He descended
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)
65
Canu Heledd §9.2
Priffwch
?Attack
(Masculine noun)
(Meaning unclear; following Rowland's scan of the term as 'attack'.)
66
Canu Heledd §9.3
Deudrwch
Two layers
(Masculine noun)
67
Canu Heledd §10.1
Gulhwch
Boar
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'Culhwch'; unsure why-- check with Ben.)
(Note the implications of comparing Cynddylan to Culhwch, the legendary Arthurian hero.)
68
Canu Heledd §10.1
Gynnifiat
Warrior
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'Cynnifiat'; reverse copula)
69
Canu Heledd §10.1
Llew
Lion
(Masculine noun)
70
Canu Heledd §10.2
Bleid
Wolf
(Masculine noun)
(NB: The ordering of this line is unclear: it could be object-verb-subject, or subject-verb-object.)
71
Canu Heledd §10.2
Dilin
Pursuing
(Verbal noun)
(NB: The ordering of this line is unclear: it could be object-verb-subject, or subject-verb-object.)
72
Canu Heledd §10.2
Disgynnyat
Attacker
(Masculine noun)
(NB: The ordering of this line is unclear: it could be object-verb-subject, or subject-verb-object.)
73
Canu Heledd §10.3
Atuer
Return
(Verbal noun; contextually, however, it makes more sense for it to be 3rd singular present/future indicative.)
74
Canu Heledd §11.1
Attat
It was allowed
(Literally, a form of the preposition 'at', which can mean 'in accordance with'.)
75
Canu Heledd §11.1
Adei
Went
(Meaning unclear. Rowland suggests that it is a MS misspelling of ‘aei’, the 3rd person singular imperfect form of ‘mynd’.)
76
Canu Heledd §11.2, §17.1, §57.1 ff.
Mor
So; how
(Exclamatory/interrogative particle)
(NB: Watch the context; it is not 'sea' here.)
77
Canu Heledd §11.2
Wylat
Joyful; merry; lively
(Adjective)
(Lenited from 'gwylat'; preceded by 'mor'?)
78
Canu Heledd §11.3
Gantaw
To
(Literally 'with'; in this context it makes no sense, however, so translate as above.)
79
Canu Heledd §11.3
Mal
Like
(Conjunction)
80
Canu Heledd §12.1
Borfor
Purple
(Adjective)
(Unusually lenited. This suggests the omission of a feminine noun. Rowland suggests 'peis', 'cloak', given that the passage describes an article of clothing.
Another possibility is that 'wych' has been lenited from 'rwych', 'mantle', and 'borfor' has been lenited because it unusually precedes the noun.
In any case the meaning is basically the same.)
81
Canu Heledd §12.1
Yt
For you; to you
(In this context, it can be the 3rd singular masculine pronoun, here signalling possession.)
(NB: A shortening of 'ytti')
82
Canu Heledd §12.2
Kell
Store-house
(Feminine noun)
83
Canu Heledd §12.2
Esbyt
Guests
(Masculine or feminine noun)
(Plural of 'osb')
84
Canu Heledd §12.2
Bywyt
Livelihood
(Meaning unclear. Normally means ‘life’; the question is how far we can stretch the meaning. Rowland notes that, some time after the writing of Canu Heledd, the word is attested to mean ‘livelihood’ or ‘wealth’, and that meaning works well here.)
85
Canu Heledd §12.2
Ior
Lord
(Masculine noun)
86
Canu Heledd §12.3
Keneu
Descendant
(Masculine noun)
87
Canu Heledd §12.3
Kwynitor
He will be mourned
(?3rd singular present/future consuetudinal)
88
Canu Heledd §13
Mat
A good man
(Masculine noun)
(NB: Based on sentence structure, it could also be an adverbial addition to 'gwisc'.)
89
Canu Heledd §13.2
Wisc
Wear
(Verbal noun)
90
Canu Heledd §13.2
Baraf
Beard
(Masculine noun)
91
Canu Heledd §13.2
Drwyn
Nose
(Masculine or feminine noun)
(Lenited from 'trwyn'; preceded by 3rd singular masculine possessive pronoun.)
92
Canu Heledd §13.3
Bo
Might be
(3rd singular present subjunctive)
93
Canu Heledd §13.3
Gwell
Better
(Adjective; comparative form of 'da')
94
Canu Heledd §13.3
No
Than
(Comparative conjunction)
95
Canu Heledd §14.1
Kymwyat
Tormentor
(Masculine noun)
96
Canu Heledd §14.1
Wyt
You are
(2nd singular present indicative of 'bot')
97
Canu Heledd §14.2
Armeithyd
You ... intend
(Unclear; see note by Rowland.)
98
Canu Heledd §14.2
Bydy[d]
You ... to be
(2nd singular imperative of 'bot')
99
Canu Heledd §14.2
Lwyt
Grey-haired
(Adjective)
(Lenited from 'llwyt'; functions as nominal predicate following form of 'to be')
100
Canu Heledd §14.3
Drebwll
Trebwll
(Proper noun)
101
Canu Heledd §14.3
Twll
Pierced; broken
(Adjective)
102
Canu Heledd §14.3
Dy
Your
(2nd singular possessive pronoun)
103
Canu Heledd §14.3, §55.2
Ysgwyt
Shield
(Masculine noun)
104
Canu Heledd §15.1, §16
Kae
Defend
(?Verbal noun/2nd singular indicative)
105
Canu Heledd §15.1
Riw
Hill
(Masculine and feminine noun)
106
Canu Heledd §15.2
Yn y
Where the
(NB: Not, in this case, 'in the'.)
107
Canu Heledd §15.2, §16.2, §20.3
Daw
Come
(3rd sg./pl. present indicative)
108
Canu Heledd §15.2, §16.2, §31.2, §49.2
Lloegyrwys
Englishmen
(Masculine plural noun)
109
Canu Heledd §15.3
Amgeled
Concern
(Masculine noun)
110
Canu Heledd §15.3
Diw
Avail
(3rd singular present indicative)
111
Canu Heledd §16.1
Nenn
Summit; roof
(NB: Normally translates as 'roof', which would make sense if we relate it to the following 'Stafell Gynddylan' section; it could also be figurative for the summit of the 'riw' the line before.)
112
Canu Heledd §16.3
Elwir
Is called
(Impersonal present indicative)
113
Canu Heledd §17.1
Gan
By; with
(Preposition)
114
Canu Heledd §17.1
Dru
Wretched
(adjective)
(Lenited from 'tru'; preceded by 'mor'.)
115
Canu Heledd §17.2
Kysylltu
Joining; connecting
(Verbal noun)
116
Canu Heledd §17.2
Styllot
Planks
(Plural feminine noun)
117
Canu Heledd §17.2
Gwynngnawt
White flesh
(Compound noun; note the lenition of 'cnawt' to 'gnawt'.)
(NB: In this line, 'gwynngnawt' must be preceded by an added [to the] for the translation to make sense.)
118
Canu Heledd §17.3
Kyngran
Leader
(Masculine noun)
119
Canu Heledd §17.3
Can
Hundred
(Note; can also be a form of 'canu', 'to sing'. Work it out based on context.)
120
Canu Heledd §18.1 ff.
Stauell
Hall
(Feminine noun [hence Cynddylan is lenited])
121
Canu Heledd §18.1 ff.
Tywyll
Dark
(Adjective)
122
Canu Heledd §18.1 ff.
Heno
Tonight
(Adverb)
123
Canu Heledd §18.2 ff.
Heb
Without
(Preposition)
124
Canu Heledd §18.2
Dan
Fire
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'tan'; preceded by 'heb'.)
125
Canu Heledd §18.2
Wely
Bed
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'gwely'; preceded by 'heb')
126
Canu Heledd §18.3
Wylaf
I will weep
(1st singular present/future indicative)
127
Canu Heledd §18.3
Wers
A while
(Feminine noun)
(Lenited from 'gwers'; noun functioning as object after verb)
128
Canu Heledd §18.3
Tawaf
I will fall silent
(1st singular present/future indicative)
129
Canu Heledd §18.3
Wedy
Afterwards
(Adverb)
(Lenited from 'gwedy'; functioning as object after verb)
130
Canu Heledd §19.2
Gannwyll
Candle
(Feminine noun)
(Lenited from 'cannwyll'; preceded by 'heb')
131
Canu Heledd §19.3, §62.2
Namyn
Except for
(Adverb)
132
Canu Heledd §19.3
Pwy
Who
(Interrogative particle)
133
Canu Heledd §19.3, §20.3
A'm
Preverbal particle with 1st singular infixed pronoun
134
Canu Heledd §19.3
Dyry
...Will give
(3rd singular present/future indicative form of 'rodi')
135
Canu Heledd §19.3
Pwyll
Sanity; sense
(Masculine and feminine noun)
136
Canu Heledd §20.2
Oleuat
Light
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'goleuat'; preceded by 'heb')
137
Canu Heledd §20.3
Etlit
Sorrow
(Masculine noun)
138
Canu Heledd §20.3
Amdanat
Because of you
(Compound preposition)
(Literally 'around you')
139
Canu Heledd §21.1
Nenn
Roof
(Masculine and feminine noun)
140
Canu Heledd §21.2
Gwen
Blessed
(Adjective)
141
Canu Heledd §21.2
Gyweithyd
Company
(Feminine noun)
(Lenited from 'cyweithyd'; it is preceded by an adjective, instead of being followed by it.)
142
Canu Heledd §21.3
Gwae
Woe
(Interjection particle)
143
Canu Heledd §21.3, §60.1
Wna
Does
(3rd singular consuetudinal present/future of 'gwneuthur')
(Lenited from 'gwna'; preceded by 'ny')
(In §60.1, may translate as 'causes', which works better.)
144
Canu Heledd §21.3
Dyuyd
Comes
(3rd singular consuetudinal present/future of 'dyuot')
(NB: Preceded by infixed pronoun so translates as 'comes to him')
145
Canu Heledd §22.1
Athwyt
You have gone
(2nd singular perfect of 'mynet')
146
Canu Heledd §22.1
Wed
Form
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(Lenited from 'gwed'; preceded by 'heb')
147
Canu Heledd §22.2
Mae
Is
(3rd singular present indicative of 'bot')
148
Canu Heledd §22.2
Ym bed
In a grave
(Masculine noun)
(NB: the nasal mutation has been absorbed by the preposition.)
149
Canu Heledd §22
Dy
Your
(2nd unstressed prefixed pronoun)
150
Canu Heledd §22.2
Yscwyt
Shield
(Masculine and feminine noun)
151
Canu Heledd §22.3
Vu
He was
(3rd singular preterite of 'bot')
(NB: The phrase 'hyt tra uu' literally translated to 'as long as he was'; idiom for 'as long as he was alive'.)
152
Canu Heledd §22.3
Dollglwyt
Broken gate
(Feminine noun)
153
Canu Heledd §23.1
Digarat
Forlorn
(Adjective)
154
Canu Heledd §23.2
Yr neb
He who
(Pronoun relative to the antecedent)
155
Canu Heledd §23.2
Pieuat
Owned it
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)
156
Canu Heledd §23.3
O wi a
O!
(Interjection)
157
Canu Heledd §23.3, §59.1 ff.
Angheu
Death
(Masculine and feminine noun)
158
Canu Heledd §23.3
Byrr
Why
(Interrogative particle)
(Lenited from 'pyrr'; unclear why.)
159
Canu Heledd §23.3
Y'm gat
...Does it leave me
(3rd singular present indicative of 'gadael')
(NB: The 1st singular infixed pronoun does not lenite, which is why this must be the verb, and not 'cat', 'battle'.)
160
Canu Heledd §24.1
Esmwyth
Comfort
(Adjective as noun)
161
Canu Heledd §24.2
Ar benn
On top
(Note the lenited 'penn', as it is preceded by the preposition 'on')
162
Canu Heledd §24.2
Carrec
Rock
(Masculine and feminine noun)
163
Canu Heledd §24.2
Hytwyth
Mighty
(Adjective)
(Meaning unclear. Rowland suggests 'mighty' given the context.)
164
Canu Heledd §24.3
Ner
Lord
(Masculine noun)
165
Canu Heledd §24.3
Niuer
Host
(Masculine and feminine noun)
166
Canu Heledd §24.3
Amwyth
Defence
(?Noun)
(Meaning unclear. Rowland suggests either 'defence', based on the verb 'amwyn', 'to defend', or a variant of 'amnwyth', meaning 'valour; military might'. Both work well here.)
167
Canu Heledd §25.2
Gerdeu
Songs
(Plural noun, from 'cerdd')
(Lenited from 'cerdeu'; preceded by 'heb')
168
Canu Heledd §25.3
Dygystud
Will wear away
(3rd singular present/future indicative)
169
Canu Heledd §25.3
Deurud
Cheeks
(Masculine noun)
170
Canu Heledd §25.3, §61.3
Dagreu
Tears
171
Canu Heledd §26.2
Deulu
Host
(Masculine noun)
(Does not carry the meaning of 'family' as it does in modern Welsh)
172
Canu Heledd §26.3
Hidyl
Copious
(Adjective)
173
Canu Heledd §26.3
Deigyr
Tears
(Plural noun)
(Relate to 'dagreu' in §25.3.)
174
Canu Heledd §26.3
Men
Where
(Preposition)
175
Canu Heledd §26.3
Gynnu
Falls
(Verbal noun & 3rd singular present indicative)
(Lenited from 'cynnu'; preceded by 'yt')
176
Canu Heledd §27.1
Gwan
Pierces
(3rd singular present indicative)
177
Canu Heledd §27.1
Gwelet
To see
(Verbal noun)
178
Canu Heledd §27.2
Doet
Roofing
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'toet'; preceded by 'heb')
179
Canu Heledd §27.3
Marw
Dead
(Adjective)
180
Canu Heledd §27.3
Glyw
Lord
(Masculine noun)
181
Canu Heledd §27.3
Buw
Alive
(Adjective)
182
Canu Heledd §27.3
Hunun
Myself
(Pronoun)
183
Canu Heledd §28.1
Peithiawc
Ruined
(Adjective)
184
Canu Heledd §28.2
Ketwyr
Warriors
(Plural masculine noun)
185
Canu Heledd §28.2
Bodawc
Steadfast
(Adjective)
186
Canu Heledd §28.3
Eluan
Elfan
(Proper noun)
187
Canu Heledd §28.3
Kaeawc
Diadem-wearing
(Adjective)
188
Canu Heledd §29.1
Oergrei
Cold and harsh
(Compound adjective)
189
Canu Heledd §29.2
Parch
Honour
(Masculine and feminine noun)
190
Canu Heledd §29.2
A'm buei
That I had
(1st singular consuetudinal past of 'bot')
(NB: as Jenny Rowland notes, a common syntax for possession is 'bot' + an infixed dative pronoun, which is what is happening here.)
191
Canu Heledd §29.3, §35.2
Wyr
Warriors; men
(Plural masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'gwyr'; preceded by 'heb')
192
Canu Heledd §29.3
Wraged
Women
(Plural feminine noun)
(Lenited from 'gwraged'; preceded by 'heb')
193
Canu Heledd §29.3
Katwei
Held
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)
194
Canu Heledd §30.1
Araf
Quiet
(Adjective)
195
Canu Heledd §30.2
Colli
Losing
(Verbal noun)
196
Canu Heledd §30.2
Hynaf
Lord
(Masculine noun)
197
Canu Heledd §30.3
Drugarawc
Merciful
(Adjective)
198
Canu Heledd §30.3
Pa
What
(Interrogative particle)
199
Canu Heledd §30.3
Wnaf
Will I do
(1st singular present/future indicative of 'gwneuthur')
(Lenited from 'gwnaf'; preceded by 'pa'.)
200
Canu Heledd §31.2, §49.2
Dyua
Killing
(Verbal noun)
201
Canu Heledd §31.2
O
By
(Usually means 'from', but in this context 'by' makes more sense.)
202
Canu Heledd §32.2
Blant
Children
(Collective noun)
(Lenited from 'plant'; preceded by 'o')
(NB: In this line, it might be worth adding 'the death of' before 'children' to make it more contextually sound.)
203
Canu Heledd §33.1
Erwan
Pierces
(3rd singular present indicative)
204
Canu Heledd §33.1
Pob awr
All the time
(Literally 'every hour', but idiomatic)
205
Canu Heledd §33.2
Ymgyuyrdan
Blazing fire; dissension
(Masculine noun)
(Note the lenition of 'cyuyrdan'; the adjective 'mawr' precedes it.)
(The 'ym-' prefix is a reflexive particle; it connects the noun to the previous subject.)
206
Canu Heledd §33.3
Weleis
I saw
(1st singular imperfect indicative)
207
Canu Heledd §33.3
Benntan
Hearth
(Masculine noun)
208
Canu Heledd §34.1 ff.
Eryr
Eagle
209
Canu Heledd §34.1 ff.
Eli
Eli
(Proper noun)
210
Canu Heledd §34.1
Ban
Loud; melodious
(Adjective)
211
Canu Heledd §34.1
Lef
Cry
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(Lenited from 'llef'; preceded by 3rd singular possessive pronoun)
212
Canu Heledd §34.2
Llewssei
He had drunk
(3rd singular pluperfect)
213
Canu Heledd §34.2
Gwyar
Blood
(Masculine noun)
214
Canu Heledd §34.2
Llynn
Drink
(Masculine noun)
(NB: it should be lenited, as the genitive is reversed, however 'll' is the exception to this rule.)
215
Canu Heledd §34.3
Creu
Blood
(Masculine and feminine noun)
216
Canu Heledd §35.1
Gorelwi
was calling out loud
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)
217
Canu Heledd §35.2
Ygwaet
In the blood
(Compound preposition + masculine noun)
(As in the other cases, the preposition has absorbed the nasal mutation.)
218
Canu Heledd §35.2
Gwynnovi
He was wallowing
(3rd singular imperfect indicative)
219
Canu Heledd §35.3, §36.3
Ygoet
In the wood
(Compound preposition + collective noun)
(Particle has absorbed the nasal mutation.)
220
Canu Heledd §35.3, §36.3
Trwm
Heavy
(Masculine adjective; affects 'hoet', a masculine noun.)
221
Canu Heledd §35.3, §36.3
Hoet
Sorrow
(Masculine noun)
222
Canu Heledd §35.3
Ymi
For me
(Compound preposition)
(Literally 'to me', but means 'for' in this context.)
223
Canu Heledd §36.1
Glywaf
I hear
(1st singular present indicative)
224
Canu Heledd §36.2
Creulyt
Bloodstained
(Adjective)
225
Canu Heledd §36.2, §57.1 ff.
Yw
He is, it is
(3rd singular present indicative of 'bot')
226
Canu Heledd §36.2
Beidyaf
I ... defy
(1st singular present indicative)
(NB: the infixed ''s' pronoun thus adds a 'him' to the end of this.)
227
Canu Heledd §36.3
Arnaf
Upon me
(Compound preposition)
228
Canu Heledd §37.1
Gorthrymet
How grevious
(Equative form of adjective 'gorthrwm')
229
Canu Heledd §37.2, §54.1
Dyffrynt
Valley
(Masculine noun)
230
Canu Heledd §37.2
Meissir
Meissir
(Proper noun)
231
Canu Heledd §37.2
Myget
Praiseworthy; honourable
(Adjective)
232
Canu Heledd §37.3
Dir
Land
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'tir'; unusual lenition, however.)
233
Canu Heledd §37.3
Hir
Long
(Adjective)
234
Canu Heledd §37.3
Ry
Perfective particle; also implies customary actions.
235
Canu Heledd §37.3
Godet
Troubled
(Impersonal imperfect indicative; however, changes to preterite due to the perfective particle 'ry'.)
236
Canu Heledd §38.1
Echeidw
He guards
(3rd singular present indicative)
237
Canu Heledd §38.1
Myr
Seas
(Plural masculine noun)
238
Canu Heledd §38.2
Threid
Go as far as
(3rd singular present indicative)
(NB: This is preceded by the particle 'ny' which signifies a subject-verb-object order, not verb-subject-object.
239
Canu Heledd §38.2
Pyscawt
Fish
(Collective noun)
240
Canu Heledd §38.2
Ebyr
Estuaries
(Plural masculine and feminine noun)
241
Canu Heledd §38.3, §44.1
Gelwit
He calls
(3rd singular absolute; could also be impersonal imperfect, although this does not make much sense here.)
242
Canu Heledd §38.3, §44.2
Gwelit
?Feasts
(3rd singular absolute; could also be impersonal imperfect, although this does not make much sense here.)
(Meaning uncertain. Rowland scans it as ‘feasts’ or ‘wallows’. If it does mean ‘feast’, then it would certainly be unusual.
A third meaning is simply gweled, ‘to see’, in its impersonal form; thus the line could mean ‘he was seen because of the blood of warriors’.)
243
Canu Heledd §39.1
Gorymda
Traverses
(3rd singular present indicative)
244
Canu Heledd §39.2
Kyuor
Complete
(Adjective)
245
Canu Heledd §39.2
Kinyawa
Feasting
(Verbal noun)
(Odd form)
246
Canu Heledd §39.3
A'e llawch
He indulges; which indulges him
(3rd singular present indicative)
(NB: The subject probably isn't the eagle; it is probably the thing which is indulging him.)
247
Canu Heledd §39.3
Llwydit
Succeeds
(3rd singular absolute; impersonal imperfect could also be used, but that doesn't make much sense.)
248
Canu Heledd §39.3
Draha
Violence; pride; cruelty
(Masculine noun)
249
Canu Heledd §40.1
Penngarn
Tuft
(Probably a conjugation of penn, 'head', and carn, 'a heap', so literally 'head-heap'.
250
Canu Heledd §40.1
Llwyt
Grey
(Adjective)
251
Canu Heledd §40.2
Aruchel
Very high
(Equative form of adjective)
252
Canu Heledd §40.2
Atleis
Cry
(Masculine and feminine noun)
253
Canu Heledd §40.3
Eidic
Greedy
(Adjective)
254
Canu Heledd §40.3
Gic
Flesh
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'cic'; preceded by 'am')
(NB: the preceding 'am' normally means 'around', but here takes the meaning 'for'.)
255
Canu Heledd §40.3
Gereis
I loved
(1st singular imperfect indicative)
(Lenited from 'cereis'; preceded by preverbal particle 'a'.)
256
Canu Heledd §41.2
Euan
???
(Meaning is entirely uncertain. It likely relates to the eagle in some way, like 'aruchel' in the stanza prior.)
257
Canu Heledd §42.2
Adaf
Claw
(Feminine noun)
258
Canu Heledd §42.3
Garaf
I love
(1st singular present indicative)
(Lenited from 'caraf'; preceded by preverbal particle 'a'.)
259
Canu Heledd §43.1
Pell
Far; a long time
(Adjective)
260
Canu Heledd §43.2
Galwawt
He will call
(3rd singular present/future absolute; it could also be 3rd singular preterite, however that does not make sense. It is instead an older ending.)
(NB: The grammar is weird here; there is no way the eagle can grammatically be the subject, but he becomes so due to a feature known as the 'contextual subject', where it is simply inferred.)
261
Canu Heledd §43.2
Gwylawt
He will ?feast
(3rd singular present/future absolute; while it could be the 3rd singular preterite ending, this does not make much sense, and so it is instead most likely an older ending that fell out of use.)
(Meaning not entirely clear; Rowland suggests 'feast', however it could also be 'he will watch over'.)
262
Canu Heledd §43.3, §44.3
Gelwir
Is called
(Impersonal present indicative)
263
Canu Heledd §43.3
Difawt
Misfortune
(Masculine and feminine noun)
264
Canu Heledd §44.3
Lethrit
Famous
(Adjective)
265
Canu Heledd §45.1
Eglwysseu Bassa
The Churches of Bassa
(Proper noun)
(It is treated in the poem as a grammatically plural place name. Note that Jenny Rowland translates it as 'Baschurch', but this causes more problems in translation.)
266
Canu Heledd §45.1
Orffowys
Resting-place
(NB: There is no bot, 'to be', in these lines. However, it is very common to omit this in poetry due to the way in which a copula is constructed. Thus, you may include an 'is' in translation, but just note it.)
267
Canu Heledd §45.2
Diwed
Last; final
(Adjective)
268
Canu Heledd §45.2
Ymgynnwys
Home
(Literally reflexive prefix 'ym-' + verb, 'to include' acting as noun; thus 'place of inclusion')
269
Canu Heledd §45.3
Cledyr
Pillar; support
(Feminine noun)
270
Canu Heledd §45.3
Argoetwis
Men of Argoed
(Compound noun, Argoed + gwyr)
271
Canu Heledd §46.1
Ynt
(They) are
(3rd plural present indicative of 'bot')
272
Canu Heledd §46.1
Ffaeth
Cultivated
(Adjective)
273
Canu Heledd §46.2, §57.3
Tauawt
Tongue
(Masculine and feminine noun)
274
Canu Heledd §46.2
Gwnaeth
Made
(3rd singular preterite of 'gwneuthur')
(NB: note the infixed pronoun here; the line should be 'My tongue made it [so].')
275
Canu Heledd §46.3
Rud
Red; covered with blood
(Adjective)
276
Canu Heledd §46.3
Rwy
Too great; excessive
(Adjective)
277
Canu Heledd §46.3
Hiraeth
Longing
(Masculine noun)
278
Canu Heledd §47.2
Yng
Confined
(Adjective)
279
Canu Heledd §47.2
Etiued
Heir
(Masculine noun)
280
Canu Heledd §47.3
Mablan
Grave
(Feminine noun)
(Literally 'little enclosure', figuratively the grave of Cynddylan.)
281
Canu Heledd §48.1
Tirion
Uncultivated lands; mild
(Collective masculine noun; adjective)
282
Canu Heledd §48.2
Gwaedlyt
Bloody
(Adjective)
283
Canu Heledd §48.2
Meillyon
Clovers
(Collective noun)
284
Canu Heledd §49.1
Collassant
Lost
(3rd plural preterite)
285
Canu Heledd §49.1
Breint
Honour
(Feminine and masculine noun)
286
Canu Heledd §50.1
Diua
Destroyed; devastated
(Adjective)
287
Canu Heledd §50.2
Chetwyr
Warriors
(Plural masculine noun)
(Spirant mutation from 'ketwyr'; preceded by feminine 3rd singular pronoun 'y'.)
(NB: This stanza is the only one where 'Eglwysseu Bassa' is referred to with a singular particle.)
288
Canu Heledd §50.2
Phara
Continue
(3rd singular present/future indicative)
(Note the spirant mutation from 'para'; preceded by negative particle 'ny'.)
289
Canu Heledd §50.3
Wyr
Know
(3rd plural present indicative of 'gwybod')
(Lenited from 'gwyr'; preceded by preverbal article 'a'. NB: The lenition is how we can confirm that 'a' is the particle and not 'and'.)
290
Canu Heledd §50.3
Yma
Here
(Adverb)
291
Canu Heledd §51.1
Varuar
Embers
(Collective noun)
(Lenited from 'maruar'; noun functioning as object after a verb.)
292
Canu Heledd §51.2
Minneu
Myself
(Emphatic 1st singular pronoun)
293
Canu Heledd §51.2
Wyf
I am
(1st singular present indicative of 'bot')
294
Canu Heledd §51.2
Dyar
Sorrowful
(Adjective)
295
Canu Heledd §51.3
Galar
Grief
(Nasal mutation signalled by 'vyg'; spelling is absorbed by the preceding pronoun.)
296
Canu Heledd §52.1
Y Drefwenn
The fair town
(Possibly proper noun?)
297
Canu Heledd §52.1
Bronn
Breast
(Feminine noun)
(Figuratively 'heart')
298
Canu Heledd §52.2
Ysef
This is
(Demonstrative pronoun + copula)
299
Canu Heledd §52.2, §53.2
Hefras
Custom
(Masculine noun)
(Aspirated [added h] due to the preceding feminine 3rd singular pronoun.)
300
Canu Heledd §52.2
Eiryoet
Always
(Adverb)
301
Canu Heledd §52.3, §56.2
Wyneb
Face; surface
(Masculine noun)
(NB: This line is one with an implied copula)
302
Canu Heledd §52.3, §56.2
Gwellt
Grass
(Collective noun)
303
Canu Heledd §53.1, §62.3
Thymyr
Region; lands
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'tymyr'; preceded by masculine 3rd singular possessive pronoun)
304
Canu Heledd §53.2
Yglas vyuyr
In a verdant memorial
(Meaning uncertain. Rowland suggests this translation. Note the spirant mutation of 'yglas' signalling the preposition 'in'.)
305
Canu Heledd §53.3
A dan
Under
(Preposition)
(NB: It is not a lenited 'tan', 'fire', but rather a compound preposition. This can be established from context.)
306
Canu Heledd §53.3
Draet
Feet
(Plural masculine and feminine noun)
(Mutated from 'traet'; preceded by preposition 'dan'.)
307
Canu Heledd §54.2
Llawen
Happy
(Adjective)
308
Canu Heledd §54.2
Bydeir
Bird of prey
(Masculine noun)
(Meaning uncertain. Rowland compares to 'Buteir' in stanza 8.)
309
Canu Heledd §54.2
Wrth
At
(Preposition)
310
Canu Heledd §54.2
Gyuamrud
Bloodshed
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'cyuamrud'; preceded by preposition 'wrth'.)
311
Canu Heledd §54.3
Gwerin
People
(Collective noun)
(NB: Preceded by 3rd singular possessive pronoun, but feminine, so it does not trigger mutation.)
312
Canu Heledd §54.3
Neur
Affirmative preverbal particle
(Alternative form of 'neut')
313
Canu Heledd §54.3
Derynt
Perished
(3rd plural imperfect indicative of 'darfot')
314
Canu Heledd §55.1
Rwng
Between
(Preposition)
315
Canu Heledd §55.1
Throdwyd
Rhodwydd
(Proper noun)
316
Canu Heledd §55.2
Oed
Was
(3rd singular preterite of 'bot')
317
Canu Heledd §55.2
Gnodach
More customary
(Comparative adjective)
318
Canu Heledd §55.2
Tonn
Broken
(Feminine adjective)
(NB: Not 'tonn', meaning 'wave'.)
(NB: We expect it to be lenited because it follows a feminine noun, but it is not.)
319
Canu Heledd §55.3
Nogyt
Than
(Conjunction with comparative; in other words, the 'than' in a 'more ... than' construction)
320
Canu Heledd §55.3
Ych
Ox
(Masculine [Collective?] noun)
321
Canu Heledd §55.3
Echwyd
Place where they [i.e. cattle] shelter from heat
(Masculine noun)
322
Canu Heledd §56.1
Thraual
Trafal
(Proper noun)
(Note the spirant mutation; preceded by 'a', meaning 'and'.)
323
Canu Heledd §56.3
Noc
Than
(Comparative conjunction)
(Cf. 'nogyt')
324
Canu Heledd §56.3
Eredic
Ploughing
(Verbal noun)
325
Canu Heledd §56.3
Brynar
Fallow land
(Masculine noun)
326
Canu Heledd §57.1
Gwynn
Blessed
(Masculine adjective)
327
Canu Heledd §57.1 ff.
Byt
Is
(3rd singular consuetudinal present/future)
328
Canu Heledd §57.1 ff.
Freuer
Ffreuer
(Proper noun)
329
Canu Heledd §57.1
Diheint
Painful
(Adjective)
330
Canu Heledd §57.2
Colli
Losing
(Verbal noun)
(Probably translate as 'loss' to make better sense.)
331
Canu Heledd §57.2
Kenueint
Family
(Feminine noun)
332
Canu Heledd §57.3
Anffawt
Misfortune
(Masculine and feminine noun)
333
Canu Heledd §57.3
Lesseint
They have been killed
(Impersonal [i.e. passive] imperfect indicative)
334
Canu Heledd §58.1
Gwann
Sad; unlucky
(Adjective)
335
Canu Heledd §58.2
Agheu
Death
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(cf. Angheu)
336
Canu Heledd §59.1
De
Pain; burn
(Adjective for noun)
337
Canu Heledd §40.3, §59.2
Am
Because of
(Literally 'around'; cf. 'amdanat' in §20.3)
338
Canu Heledd §59.2
Damorth
Confinement
(Masculine noun)
339
Canu Heledd §59.2
Brodyrde
Ardent brothers
(Compound noun; brodyr, 'brothers', + de, 'ardent, burning, passionate'.)
340
Canu Heledd §59.3, §60.3
Duhunaf
I will awaken
(1st singular present/future indicative)
341
Canu Heledd §59.3, §60.3
Wylaf
I will weep
(1st singular present/future indicative)
342
Canu Heledd §59.3
Vore
Morning
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'bore'; noun functioning as object)
343
Canu Heledd §60.1
Heint
Illness
(Masculine and feminine noun)
344
Canu Heledd §60.2
Dechreu
Beginning
(Masculine noun)
345
Canu Heledd §60.2
O ... hut
From ... until
(Particle)
(Read 'hut' as 'hyd')
346
Canu Heledd §60.2
Deweint
Dead of night
(Masculine noun)
347
Canu Heledd §60.3
Bylgeint
Daybreak
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(Lenited from 'pylgeint'; noun functioning as object preceded directly by verb.)
348
Canu Heledd §61
Tremyn
Moves
(3rd singular present indicative)
349
Canu Heledd §61
Grudyeu
Cheeks
(Plural masculine and feminine noun)
(NB: Literally, this full line translates to 'and makes yellow cheeks [for] me', as the infixed pronoun takes on a dative case. However, this makes little sense. Translate as 'and causes me to have yellow cheeks'.)
350
Canu Heledd §61.3
Choch
Red
(Adjective)
(Spirant mutation from 'coch'; preceded by 'a', 'and'.)
351
Canu Heledd §61.3
Erchwyn
Bedside
(Masculine and feminine noun)
352
Canu Heledd §61.3
Dros
Over
(Preposition)
353
Canu Heledd §62.1 ff.
Erniwaf
I grieve
(1st singular present indicative)
354
Canu Heledd §62.2
Yn wanglaf
Weak and ill
(Compound adjective)
355
Canu Heledd §62.3
Gwynaf
I lament
(1st singular present indicative)
(Lenited from 'cwynaf'; preceded by preverbal article 'a'.)
356
Canu Heledd §63.1, §64.1
Wenn
Fair
(Feminine adjective)
(Lenited from 'gwenn'; preceded by feminine noun.)
357
Canu Heledd §63.1
Vaeth
Nurtured
(3rd singular preterite)
(Lenited from 'maeth'; preceded by infixed pronoun ''th'.)
(NB: due to the infixed pronoun, this line is translated as 'brothers nurtured you'.)
358
Canu Heledd §63.2
Ny hannoedynt
They did not spring
(3rd plural imperfect indicative)
359
Canu Heledd §63.3
Ny uegynt
Who did not nurture
(3rd plural imperfect indicative)
(NB: the negative particle 'ny' can also be relative.)
360
Canu Heledd §63.3
Vygylaeth
Cowardice
(Masculine noun)
(Lenited from 'mygylaeth'; noun acting as object preceded by verb.)
361
Canu Heledd §64.1
Brodyr a'th uu
You had
(3rd singular preterite)
(Literally 'brothers there were for you', as the infixed pronoun takes on the dative case.)
362
Canu Heledd §64.2
Glywynt
They heard
(3rd plural imperfect indicative)
(Lenited from 'clywynt'; preceded by interrogative particle 'pann'.)
363
Canu Heledd §64.2
Gywrenin
Powerful
(Adjective)
364
Canu Heledd §64.3
Ny echyuydei
Was not found wanting
(Meaning unclear. Rowland suggests that it is an MS error for 'echuydei', 3rd singular imperfect indicative of 'echfod', 'to be wanting, to ebb'.
365
Canu Heledd §64.3
Ffyd
Faith
(Feminine noun)
(Usually found in religious contexts and so doesn't make much sense here. The secular equivalent was 'cret', 'oath, promise, fidelity'.)
366
Canu Heledd §64.3
Ganthu
With them
(Composite pronoun)
367
Canu Heledd §65.2
Kyt
Although
(Conjunction)
368
Canu Heledd §65.2
Ytuo
There may be
(3rd singular present subjunctive of 'atuot')
369
Canu Heledd §65.2
Ym bop mann
Everywhere
(Adverb)
(Literally 'in every place')
370
Canu Heledd §65.3
Ny'n tawr
It does not matter to us
(3rd singular present indicative)
(The infixed pronoun ''n' is 1st plural possessive pronoun.)
371
Canu Heledd §65.3
Ny ladawr
Will not be killed
(Impersonal future indicative)
(Lenited from 'lladawr'; preceded by negative particle 'ny'.)
372
Canu Heledd §65.3
An
Our
(1st plural pronoun)
373
Canu Heledd §65.3
Rann
Side
(Feminine noun)
