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Paper 21A: Medieval Welsh > Gweith Argoet Llwyfein Vocabulary > Flashcards

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein Vocabulary Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 1
E

A

Old spelling of definite article ‘y’. Either omitted or translated as ‘on’.

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2
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 1
Duw Sadwrn

A

Saturday
(Masculine and feminine noun)

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3
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 1
Kat

A

Battle
(Feminine noun)

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4
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 1
Vawr

A

Great
(Adjective)
(Lenited from ‘mawr’; preceded by feminine noun)

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5
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 1
Vu

A

Was
(3rd singular preterite)
(Lenited from ‘bu’; preceded by preverbal particle ‘a’.)

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6
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 2
O’r pan … hyt pan

A

From the time that … until the time that
(NB: Could also translate as ‘from when … until when’.)

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7
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 2
Dwyre

A

Rises
(3rd singular present indicative)

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8
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 2
Gynnu

A

Sets
(Verbal noun; possibly translate as 3rd singular present indicative, matching ‘dwyre’.)
(Lenited from ‘cynnu’; preceded by conjunction ‘pan’.)

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9
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 3
Dygrysswys

A

Assaulted
(3rd singular preterite)

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10
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 3
Flamdwyn

A

Fflamddwyn
(Proper name)

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11
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 3
Petwar llu

A

Four armies
(Numeral + Masculine noun)
(NB: ‘Llu’ is grammatically singular, but treated as plural due to the numeral.)
(NB: ‘Llu’ is probably lenited due to the reverse copula, but it isn’t frequently spelled in old Welsh.)

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12
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 3
Godeu

A

Goddau
(Proper noun)
(NB: Possibly also ‘trees’?)

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13
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 3
Reget

A

Rheged
(Proper noun)

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14
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 3
Ymdullu

A

Prepared for battle
(Verbal noun)
(Other MSs read ‘ymdullyaw’, and this 3rd singular preterite makes more sense.)

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15
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 5
Dyuwy

A

Summoned
(?3rd singular preterite)
(Meaning unclear. Could be a misreading of dyfyn, ‘to summon, to call’. Could also be a place name attested elsewhere. Could also be dyuwy, ‘commotion, tumult’.)

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16
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein ll. 2, 5
Hyt

A

Until; to; as far as
(Preposition)

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17
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 5
Arvynyd

A

Arfynydd
(Proper noun)

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18
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 6
Ny cheffynt

A

They will not have
(3rd plural present/future indicative)

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19
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 6
Eiryos

A

Delay
(Verbal noun)

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20
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 6
Hyt yr vn dyd

A

For one day
(Literally ‘for the length of one day’.)

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21
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein ll. 7, 13
Atorelwis

A

Cried out
(3rd singular preterite)

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22
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 7
Trebystawt

A

Boasting; pomp; swagger
(Verbal noun; masculine noun)
(NB: The preceding ‘vawr’ is lenited, which means this could be understood as an epithet for Fflamddwyn; or, as copula: ‘Fflamddwyn, of great boasting.’)

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23
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 8
A dodynt

A

Have … come?
(Interrogative particle + 3rd plural imperfect indicative/subjunctive)
(Meaning unclear. Could be a form of dodi, ‘to put’; Ifor Williams suggests the 1st singular present indicative form. Could also be a form of doethynt, ‘they have come’.)

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24
Q

Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 8, 12
Yg gwystlon

A

My hostages
(Masculine and feminine noun)
(NB: A legal term; ‘a man given as hostage to another country.’)

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25
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 8 A ynt
Are they (Interrogative particle + 3rd plural present indicative of 'bot'.)
26
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein ll. 8, 10 Parawt
Ready; prepared (3rd plural imperfect indicative/subjunctive)
27
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 9 Ys
Him (3rd singular infixed pronoun) (NB: Probably not the copula. Instead, equivalent to 'as'. You could drop the 's' so it is treated as a preverbal particle.)
28
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 9 Attebwys
Answered (3rd singular preterite)
29
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 9 Dwyrein fossawt
Rising for battle; scourge of the East (Translation depends on whether you take it as a compound phrase or a copula.)
30
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 10 Nyt dodynt
They will not give them (3rd plural present/future indicative of 'dodi'. Not, as earlier in the poem, a misreading of 'doethynt'.)
31
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 10 Nyt ydynt
They will not be (3rd plural present/future indicative of 'bot', with added 'yd-' prefix.)
32
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 11 Cheneu
Cub (Masculine noun) (Spirant mutation from 'ceneu'; preceded by a, 'and'.)
33
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 11 Bydei
Would have been (3rd singular imperfect subjunctive of 'bot')
34
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 11 Kymwyawc
Agitated (Adjective)
35
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 12 Lew
Lion (Masculine noun) (Lenited from 'llew'; adjective precedes noun.)
36
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 12 Kyn
Before (Preposition) (NB: Time, not position. The latter is 'rac'.)
37
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 12 Talei
He may have paid (3rd singular imperfect indicative)
38
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 12 Nebawt
Anyone (Pronoun)
39
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 13 Vd
Lord (Masculine noun)
40
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 13 yr Echwyd
Erechwydd (Proper noun) (Meaning unclear.)
41
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 14 O
If (Interrogative particle)
42
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 14 Byd
Is (3rd singular consuetudinal present of 'bot')
43
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 14 Ymgyfaruot
Meeting (Reflexive prefix + Masculine and feminine noun)
44
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 14 Am
For (the purpose of) (Preposition) (Lit. 'around')
45
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 14 Gerenhyd
Alliance (Masculine and feminine noun) (Lenited from 'cerenhyd'; preceded by preposition 'am'.) (NB: Literally translated as 'relationship, kinship, friendship, reconciliation, etc.')
46
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 15, 17 Dyrchafwn
Let our ... raise (1st plural imperative)
47
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 15 Eidoed
Defences (Meaning unclear. Williams suggests that it means some sort of defensive structure built of wood.)
48
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein ll. 15, 16, 17 Oduch
Above (Preposition)
49
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 15 Mynyd
Mountain (Masculine noun)
50
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 16 Am porthwn
Let us support (1st plurak imperative) (Read as 'ymborthwn')
51
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 16 Wyneb
Face[s] (Masculine noun) (?Lenited from 'gwyneb'; preceded directly by verb.) (Singular, but read as plural.)
52
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 16 Emyl
Edge (Masculine and feminine noun)
53
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 17 Peleidyr
Spears (Plural masculine and feminine noun)
54
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 17 Pen gwyr
Men's heads or; our heads, men! (Either read 'gwyr' as genitive or vocative.)
55
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 18 Cyrchwn
Let us charge (1st plural imperative)
56
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 18 Luyd
Host (Masculine noun) (Lenited from 'lluyd'; preceded by masculine 3rd singular possessive pronoun 'y'.)
57
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 19 Lladwn
Let us kill (1st plural imperative)
58
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 19 Ac ... ae
Both ... and his (Conjunction)
59
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 19 Gyweithyd
Company (Feminine noun) (Lenited from 'kyweithyd'; preceded by 3rd singular infixed pronoun.)
60
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 20 Rac
Before; because of (Preposition; conjunction) (Could be both in this context.)
61
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 20 Gweith
Battle (Masculine noun)
62
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 20 Argoet Llwyfein
Argoed Llwyfain (Proper noun)
63
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 21 Bu llawer kelein
There were many a corpse (3rd singular preterite of 'bot' + numeral + feminine noun) (NB: The singular verb is used because the numeral 'llawer' allows everything else to be singular, if plural in translation.)
64
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 22 Rudei
Were crimsoned (3rd singular imperfect indicative) (NB: 'Vrein' is plural so adapt the verb accordingly.)
65
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 22 Vrein
Crows (Plural masculine noun) (Lenited from 'brein'; preceded directly by verb.)
66
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 22 Ryfel gwyr
Warriors (Masculine noun) (NB: Treat as one word 'ryfelwyr'; the 'g' is an example of internal lenition which was spelled in old Welsh.)
67
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 23 Gwerin
Host (Masculine and feminine noun)
68
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 23 Grysswys
Charged (3rd singular preterite)
69
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 23 Einewyd
Chief (Masculine noun)
70
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 24 Armaf
I prepare (1st singular present indicative) (NB: Read as 'armaaf'.)
71
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 24 Y Blwydyn
For a year (Preposition + Feminine noun)
72
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 24 Nat
Song (Masculine and feminine noun)
73
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 24 Wy
To their progress (NB: 'Wy' combines the preposition 'i' with the pronoun 'eu'.)
74
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 24 Kynnyd
Progress (Masculine noun) (Lit. 'to try to win, to win land')
75
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 25 Yny
Until (Preposition)
76
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 25 Vallwyf
I may die (1st singular present subjunctive) (Lenited from 'mallwyf'; preceded by preposition 'yny'.)
77
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 25 Hen
Old (Adjective)
78
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 26 Dygyn
Serious; severe; grevious (Adjective) (Qualifies 'aghen' rather than 'agheu'
79
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 26 Agheu
Death (Masculine and feminine noun)
80
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 26 Aghen
Need; want (Masculine and feminine noun)
81
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 27 Ny bydif
I shall not be (1st singular present/future consuetudinal)
82
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 27 Dyrwen
Bliss (Masculine noun)
83
Gweith Argoet Llwyfein l. 28 Na molwyf
If I do not praise (1st singular present subjunctive) (NB: The 'if' is implied by the subjunctive mood.)

Paper 21A: Medieval Welsh (17 decks)

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