Carbohydrates Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Called “sugars” and “starches” with a symbol of Cn(H2O)n
A
Carbohydrates
2
Q
Made of many atoms of carbon and water molecules (H2O) together with either aldehyde or ketone.
A
Carbohydrates
3
Q
Carbohydrates stores in form of ______, which provides a short-term energy reserve.
A
Glycogen
4
Q
It is a carbohydrate that contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit.
A
Monosaccharides
5
Q
Carbohydrates that contains two to ten monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other.
A
Oligosaccharides
6
Q
Polymeric carbohydrate that contains ass many monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other.
A
Polysaccharides
7
Q
A monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde functional group. Often called polyhydroxy aldehydes.
A
Aldose
8
Q
A monosaccharide that contains a ketone functional group.
A
Ketose
9
Q
These are images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other.
A
Superimposable mirror images (Achiral)
10
Q
These are images where not all points coincide when the images are laid upon each other.
A
Nonsuperimposable mirror images (Chiral)
11
Q
It is an atom in a molecule that has four different groups bonded to it.
A
Chiral center
12
Q
It is a molecule whose mirror images are not superimposable.
A
Chiral molecule
13
Q
It is a molecule whose mirror images are superimposable.
A
Achiral molecule
14
Q
What molecule has 3 or 4 elements, and sometimes contains oxygen.
A
Achiral molecule
15
Q
Does not have 4 different atoms or groups bonded to the carbon (2 hydrogens)
A
Achiral
16
Q
Has 4 different atoms bonded to the carbon.
A
Chiral
17
Q
Has 4 different groups bonded to the carbon.
A
Chiral
18
Q
Only has 3 atoms bonded to the carbon.
A
Achiral
19
Q
Monosaccharides, the simplest type of carbohydrate and the building block for more complex types of carbohydrates, are almost always “______”
A
Right-handed
20
Q
These are isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in the orientation of atoms in space.
A
Stereoisomerism
21
Q
This subtype of stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposable.
A
Enantiomers
22
Q
What are the 2 subtypes of Stereoisomerism?
A
Enantiomers and Diastereomers
23
Q
What subtype of stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other.
A
Diastereomers
24
Q
A compound that rotates the plane of polarized light.
A
Optically active compound
25
It is a chiral compound that rotates the plane of polarized light in a clockwise directions, means "right".
Dextrorotatory compound
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It is a chiral compound that rotates the plane of polarized light in a counterclockwise, means "left"
Levorotatory compound
27
Under Fischer projection formula: If the -OH is in the right, then it's a ________
D-isomer
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Under Fischer projection formula: If the -OH is in the left, then it's a _________
L-isomer
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It is a projection formula with a two dimensional structural notation for showing the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers in molecules.
Fischer Projection Formula
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Fischer projection formula was named after _______.
Emil Fischer
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A projection formula which is a two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide.
Haworth Projection Formula
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A cyclic monosaccharide containing a six-atom ring is called
Pyranose
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A cyclic monosaccharide containing a five-atom ring is called
Furanose
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It is is the hemiacetal carbon atom present in a cyclic monosaccharide structure.
Anomeric carbon atom
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Cyclic monosaccharide formation always produces two stereoisomer — an alpha form and a beta form. These two isomers are called _____.
Anomers
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What forms when a monosaccharide reacts to oxygen?
Acidic sugar
37
What are the three types of Acidic sugar?
Aldonic Acid
Alduronic Acid
Aldaric Acid
38
What acidic sugar uses weak oxidizing agent and has acid group on top.
Aldonic Acid
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What acidic sugar uses enzyme and has an acid group on bottom.
Alduronic Acid
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What acidic sugar uses strong oxidizing agent and has acid groups both on top and bottom.
Aldaric Acid
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What forms when a monosaccharide is added with alcohol?
Sugar Alcohol
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It is used as a sweetening agent in chewing gum.
D-sorbitol
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It is a reaction between disaccharide, where two sugars are combined together.
Glycoside Formation
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It is an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide by replacement of the hemiacetal carbon -OH group with an -OR group. It can exist both in alpha and beta form.
Glycoside
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is the bond in a disaccharide resulting from the reaction between the hemiacetal carbon atom -OH group of one monosaccharide and an -OH group on the other monosaccharide.
Glycosidic linkage
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1/3 as sweet as sucrose, combination of 2 glucose in a-D glucose formation and known as Malt sugar.
Maltose
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It s a combination of 2 glucose units in a-D-glucose and B-D-glucose formation.
Cellobiose
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Combination of galactose & glucose, known as Milk sugar.
Lactose
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Combination of glucose and fructose, known as table sugar.
Sucrose
50
What building blocks are right handed (D-glucose)?
Monosaccharides
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What building blocks are L-phenylalanine?
Proteins
52
Pure monosaccharides are
water soluble, white, crystalline solids
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The simplest of the monosaccharides, these two trioses are important intermediates in the process of
glycolysis, a series of reactions whereby glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate.
D- D-Glyceraldehyde & Dihydroxyacetone
54
PENTOSES OF PHYSIOLOGIC:
Found in nucleic acid, structural elements of nucleic acids and coenzymes, eg, ATP, NAD, NADP, flavoproteins. The phosphates of these are intermediates in pentose phosphate pathway.
D-Ribose (DNA Sugar)
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PENTOSES OF PHYSIOLOGIC:
Formed in metabolic processes.
D-Ribulose
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PENTOSES OF PHYSIOLOGIC
Found in gum arabic, plum, and cherry gums. It is a constitudent of glycoproteins.
D-Arabinose
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PENTOSES OF PHYSIOLOGIC:
Found in wood gums, proteoglycans, glycosaminogly cans.
D-Xylose (Wood Sugar)
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PENTOSES OF PHYSIOLOGIC:
Found in the heart muscle. It is a constituent of a lyxoflavin isolated from human heart muscle.
D-Lyxose
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a component of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) and energy-rich compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Ribose
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The prefix deoxy- means
“minus an oxygen”
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It is the "sugar" of the body. The sugar carried by the blood, and the principle one used by the tissues.
D-Glucose
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Also known as Grape sugar, Dextrose, and Blood sugar
D-Glucose
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This can be changed to glucose in the liver and used in the body.
D-Fructose
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Known as levulose fruit sugar or dietary sugar.
D-Fructose
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This can be changed to glucose in the liver and metabolized. Synthesized in the mammary gland to make the lactose of milk.
D-Galactose
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A constituent of glycolipids and glycoproteins (present in the brain).
D-Galactose
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Chemical markers that distinguish various types of blood.
D-Galactose
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This is a constituent of many glycoproteins
D-Mannose
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a disaccharide consisting of a glucose unit and a galactose unit
D-Galactose
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sometimes called brain sugar because it is a component of glycoproteins found in brain and nerve tissue
D-Galactose
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______ are diastereomers whose molecules differ only in the configuration at one chiral center.
Epimers
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Of all monosaccharides, it is the most abundant in nature and the most important from a human nutritional standpoint
D-Glucose
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_______ tastes sweet, is nutritious.
D-Glucose
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_______ is tasteless, and the body cannot use it.
L-Glucose
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biochemically the most important ketohexose. It is also known as levulose and fruit sugar
D-Fructose
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used as a dietary sugar not because it has fewer calories per gram than other sugars but because less is needed for the same amount of sweetness.
D-Fructose
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Two monosaccharides are bonded together by a
glycosidic bond
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______, one-third as sweet as sucrose, is produced whenever the polysaccharide starch breaks down, as happens in plants when seeds germinate and in human beings during starch digestion
MALTOSE
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It is a common ingredient in baby foods and is found in malted milk.
MALTOSE
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an interesting compound because of its use in alcohol production (fermentation).
MALTOSE
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produced as an intermediate in the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide cellulose
CELLOBIOSE
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ingredient in infant formulas that are designed to simulate mother’s milk.
LACTOSE
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ingredient in infant formulas that are designed to simulate mother’s milk.
LACTOSE
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used to describe the condition where milk- drinking ability continues into adulthood
Lactase persistence
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a condition in which people lack the enzyme lactase, which is needed to hydrolyze lactose to galactose and glucose.
Lactose intolerance
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Causes of Lactose intolerance:
- Genetic defect
- Physiological decline w/ age
- Injury to the mucosal lining of the intestines
86
caused by the absence of one or more of the enzymes needed or the conversion of galactose to glucose. In people with this condition, galactose and its toxic metabolic derivative galactitol (dulcitol) accumulate in the blood.
Galactosemia
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caused by the absence of one or more of the enzymes needed or the conversion of galactose to glucose. In people with this condition, galactose and its toxic metabolic derivative galactitol (dulcitol) accumulate in the blood.
Galactosemia
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What can be the cause of Galactosemia?
mental retardation in infants and even death
88
is the most abundant of all disaccharides and occurs throughout the plant kingdom
SUCROSE
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the enzyme needed to break the a, b(1 : 2) linkage in sucrose, is present in the human body
Sucrase
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Sucrose hydrolysis (digestion) produces an
equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose called
invert sugar.
91
sweetener for food and beverages
H F C S / High-fructose corn syrup
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Sugar substitutes of sucrose are:
- saccharin
- sodium cyclamate
- aspartame (nutra sweet)
93
is synthesized from sucrose by substitution of three chlorine atoms for hydroxyl groups.
- heatstable
- 600x sweeter than sucrose
- calorie free
Sucralose
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an aspartame derivative. The same two amino acids are present as in aspartame.
- 7000x sweeter than sucrose
neotame
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Two naturally occurring oligosaccharides:
a. Raffinose
b. Stachyose
96
Composed of trisaccharide, galactose, glucose, and fructose
Raffinose
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Composed of tetrasaccharide, galactose, glucose, and fructose with additional galactose
Stachyose
98
a toxin found in the potato plant , is another example of an oligosaccharide-containing “complex” molecule.
Solanine
99
Amino sugars and their N-acetyl derivatives are important building blocks of polysaccharides found in:
chitin and hyaluronic acid.
100
present in the biochemical markers on red blood cells, which distinguish the various
blood types.
N-acetyl
101
MARKING SYSTEM FOR BLOOD TYPES:
1. D-galactose
2. N-acetyl-a-D-glucosamine
3. N-acetyl-a-D-galactosamine
4. a-L-Fucose (a-6-Deoxy-L-galactose)
102
The absence or presence of a _____ monosaccharide (attached to the second
galactose) determines blood type.
Fifth
103
oligosaccharide molecules that are attached to the plasma membrane of red blood cells
Biochemical markers
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Type O blood lacks a _____.
fifth monosaccharide unit
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What blood type has N-acetylgalactosamine as a fifth unit?
Type A blood
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What blood type has galactose as a fifth unit?
Type B blood
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What blood type contains both type A
and type B markers
Type AB blood
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an alternate name for a polysaccharide
Glycan
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is a polysaccharide in which only one type of monosaccharide monomer is present. ex: starch, glucan, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
homopolysaccharide
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is a polysaccharide that is a storage form for monosaccharides and is used as an energy source in cells
STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES
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- a homopolysaccharide containing only glucose monosaccharide units.
- It is the energy-storage polysaccharidein plants.
- aka amylum
STARCH
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Type of Starches:
Amylose and Amylopectin
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Type of starches:
straight-chain glucose polymer, usually accounts for 15%-20% of the starch.
Amylose
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Type of starches:
A branched glucose polymer, accounts for the remaining 80%-85% of the starch.
Amylopectin
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- is a branched polysaccharide containing only glucose units.
GLYCOGEN
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it is the glucose storage polysaccharide in humans and animals and sometimes referred to as animal starch.
GLYCOGEN
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are the storage sites for glycogen in humans.
Liver cells and muscle cells
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is a polysaccharide that serves as a structural element in plant cell walls and animal exoskeletons
STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES
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These two opposing processes are called _________________, the formation and decomposition of glycogen, respectively
glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
120
the structural component of plant cell walls
Gossypium hirsatum (CELLULOSE)
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-is the most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide.
-the “woody” portions of plants—stems, stalks, and trunks—have particularly high concentrations of this fibrous, water-insoluble substance.
- Like amylose(a-1:4), cellulose (b-1:4) is an unbranched glucose polymer
Gossypium hirsatum (CELLULOSE)
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The 2nd most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide, next to cellulose . Its function is to give rigidity to the exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods. It also has been found in the cell walls of fungi
CHITIN
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polysaccharide with a disaccharide repeating unit in which one of the disaccharide components is an amino sugar and one or both disaccharide components has a negative charge due to a sulfate group or a
carboxyl group.
ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES
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contains alternating residues of N-acetyl-b-Dglucosamine (NAG) and D-Glucuronate
HYALURONIC ACID
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- Highly viscous hyaluronic acid solutions serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints,
- are also associated with the jelly-like consistency of the vitreous humor of the eye. (The Greek word hyalos means “glass”; hyaluronic acid solutions have a glass-like appearance.)
HYALURONIC ACID
126
small highly-sulfated polysaccharide with only 15–90 disaccharide residues per chain.
- blood anticoagulant. It is naturally present in mast cells and is released at the site of tissue
injury.
- It prevents the formation of clots in the blood and retards the growth of existing clots within the blood. It does not, however, break down clots that have already formed.
- The source for pharmaceutical heparin is intestinal or lung tissue of slaughter-house animals (pigs and cows).
HEPARIN
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is at the core of the metabolic disorder known as diabetes; either the body does not produce enough insulin or body cells do not respond properly to the insulin that is produced
Insulin
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It is released when blood-glucose levels are low
GLUCAGON
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also called adrenaline, is released by the adrenal glands in response to anger, fear, or excitement.
EPINEPHRINE
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also called adrenaline, is released by the adrenal glands in response to anger, fear, or excitement.
EPINEPHRINE
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which is usually simply referred to as diabetes, is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of glucose
DIABETES MELLITUS
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is the result of inadequate insulin production by the beta cells of the pancreas. Control of this condition involves insulin injections and special dietary programs
Type 1 diabetes
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results from insulin resistance, a condition in
which cells fail to use insulin properly
Type 2 diabetes
