Nucleic Acid (Module): Part II

Question 1

The period preceding replication is called the _______.

Answer 1

G1 phase (Gap1)

Question 2

DNA replication occurs during the ______.

Answer 2

S (synthesis) phase

Question 3

Following DNA synthesis, there is another period (_______) before mitosis (M).

Answer 3

G2 phase, or Gap2

Question 4

Cells that have stopped dividing, such as mature neurons, are said to have gone out of the cell cycle into the ______

Answer 4

G0 phase

Question 5

Cells can leave the G0 phase and reenter the early _____ to resume division.

Answer 5

G1 phase

Question 6

It is a disease characterized by rapid uncontrolled cell division

Answer 6

Cancer

Question 7

are a class of anticancer drugs that interfere with DNA replication because their structures are similar to molecules required for normal DNA replication.

Answer 7

Antimetabolites

Question 8

It is a structural analog of folic acid (folate). A derivative of folic acid is needed in one of the early steps of nucleotide synthesis.

Answer 8

Methotrexate

Question 9

It inhibits the conversion of folic acid to this needed derivative, which shuts down DNA synthesis

Answer 9

Methotrexate

Question 10

The genetic master plan of an organism is contained in the sequence of deoxyribonucleotides in its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 10

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Question 11

TYPES OF RNA:

formed directly by DNA transcription. Post-transcription processing converts the heterogeneous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA

Answer 11

Heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

Question 12

TYPES OF RNA:

facilitates the conversion of heterogeneous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA. It contains from 100 to 200 nucleotides.

Answer 12

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

Question 13

TYPES OF RNA:

carries instructions for protein synthesis (genetic information) to the sites for protein synthesis.

Answer 13

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 14

TYPES OF RNA:

combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes, the physical sites for protein synthesis. Most abundant type of RNA in a cell (75% to 80% by mass).

Answer 14

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 15

TYPES OF RNA:

delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis. Are the smallest of the RNAs, possessing only 75–90 nucleotide units.

Answer 15

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 16

is the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of hnRNA/mRNA molecules that carry the coded information needed for protein synthesis

Answer 16

Transcription

Question 17

A short segment of a DNA strand so transcribed, which contains instructions for the formation of a particular hnRNA/mRNA, is called a ________

Answer 17

gene

Question 18

It is a segment of a DNA strand that contains the base sequence for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule.

Answer 18

gene

Question 19

It is all of the genetic material (the total DNA) contained in the chromosomes of an organism.

Answer 19

genome

Question 20

The strand of DNA used for hnRNA/mRNA synthesis

Answer 20

TEMPLATE STRAND

Question 21

The other DNA strand, although not involved in RNA synthesis, gives the base sequence present in the hnRNA strand being synthesized (with the exception of U replacing T).

Answer 21

INFORMATIONAL STRAND

Question 22

is a gene segment that conveys (codes for) genetic information

Answer 22

EXON

Question 23

is a gene segment that does NOT conveys (codes for) genetic information

Answer 23

INTRON

Question 24

is the process of removing introns from an hnRNA molecule and joining the remaining exons together to form an mRNA molecule

Answer 24

SPLICING

Question 25

is the process of removing introns from an hnRNA molecule and joining the remaining exons together to form an mRNA molecule.

Answer 25

snRNPs (Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle ) “snurps”

Question 26

is a large assembly of snRNA molecules and proteins involved in the conversion of hnRNA molecules to mRNA molecules

Answer 26

SPLICEOSOMES

Question 27

is a process by which several different proteins that are variations of a basic structural motif can be produced from a single gene

Answer 27

ALTERNATIVE SPLICING

Question 28

is all of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome.

Answer 28

TRANSCRIPTOME

Question 29

is the assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific amino acids (or stop signals)

Answer 29

genetic code

Question 30

is a three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid

Answer 30

codon

Question 31

is the process by which mRNA codons are deciphered and a particular protein molecule is synthesized. The substances needed for this phase of protein synthesis are mRNA molecules, tRNA molecules, amino acids, ribosomes, and a number of different enzymes

Answer 31

Translation

Question 32

is an rRNA–protein complex that serves as the site for the translation phase of protein synthesis.

Answer 32

ribosome

Question 33

What are the five general steps to the translation process:

Answer 33

(1) activation of tRNA (2) initiation (3) elongation (4) termination and (5) post-translational processing.

Question 34

part of translation where the ribosome moves down an mRNA molecule three base position (codon) so that a new occupy the ribosomal subunit.

Answer 34

Translocation

Question 35

What Translation process is this: An amino acid interacts with ATP to become highly energized. It then form a covalent bond with the 3' end of a tRNA molecule. Amino acid-tRNA pairing is governed by enzymes

Answer 35

Step 1: Activation of tRNA

Question 36

What Translation process is this: The mRNA attached to a ribosome so that the first codon (AUG) is at the P site. A tRNA carrying methionine attached to the first codon.

Answer 36

Step 2: Initiation

Question 37

What Translation process is this: Another tRNA with the second amino acid binds at the A site. The methionine transfers from the P site to the A site. The ribosome shifts to the next codon, making its A site available for the tRNA carrying the third amino acid.

Answer 37

Step 3: Elongation

Question 38

What Translation process is this: The polypeptide chain continues to lengthen until a stop codon appears on the mRNA. The new protein is cleaved from the last tRNA.

Answer 38

Step 4: Termination

Question 39

What Translation process is this: During this phase, cleavage of Met (the initiation codon) usually occurs. S-S bonds between Cys units also can form.

Answer 39

Step 5: Post-Translation Processing

Question 39

What Translation process is this: During this phase, cleavage of Met (the initiation codon) usually occurs. S-S bonds between Cys units also can form.

Answer 39

Step 5: Post-Translation Processing

Question 40

The initiator codon in bacteria.

Answer 40

N-formylmethionine

Question 41

The initiator codon in human cells.

Answer 41

methionine

Question 42

binds to the larger bacterial ribosome subunit, blocking the exit of a growing peptide chain.

Answer 42

Erythromycin

Question 43

blocks the A-site location on the ribosome, preventing the attachment of amino-acid carrying tRNAs.

Answer 43

Terramycin

Question 44

binds to the smaller bacterial ribosome subunit causing a shape change, which in turn causes a misreading of mRNA information

Answer 44

Streptomycin

Question 45

binds to the smaller bacterial ribosome subunit in a manner similar to streptomycin.

Answer 45

Neomycin

Question 46

binds to the ribosome and interferes with the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

Answer 46

Chloramphenicol

Question 47

is an error in base sequence in a gene that is reproduced during DNA replication. Such errors alter the genetic information that is passed on during transcription. The altered information can cause changes in amino acid sequence during protein synthesis

Answer 47

Mutation

Question 48

is a substance or agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene. Ex. Ultraviolet light

Answer 48

Mutagen

Question 49

is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

Answer 49

GENE or DNA MUTATION

Question 50

are alterations that affect whole chromosomes and whole genes rather than just individual nucleotides

Answer 50

CHROMOSOME MUTATION

Question 51

is a mutation in which one base in a DNA base sequence is replaced with another base

Answer 51

Point mutation

Question 52

One base is incorrectly added during replication and replaces the pair in the corresponding position on the complementary strand

Answer 52

Substitution

Question 53

POINT MUTATIONS: code for the same amino acid (a "synonymous substitution"). It does not affect the functioning of the protein. A single nucleotide can change, but the new codon specifies the same amino acid, resulting in an unmutated protein.

Answer 53

SILENT MUTATION

Question 54

POINT MUTATIONS: When a base substitution results in a stop codon ultimately truncating translation and most likely leading to a nonfunctional protein. Ex. Lys (AAG) to UAG (stop codon)

Answer 54

NONSENSE MUTATION

Question 55

POINT MUTATIONS: This type of mutation is a change in one DNA base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene.

Answer 55

MISSENSE MUTATION

Question 56

POINT MUTATIONS: Result in an amino acid change. However, the properties of the amino acid remain the same Ex. Lys (polar basic) to Arg (polar basic)

Answer 56

CONSERVARTIVE MISSENSE

Question 57

POINT MUTATIONS: Result in an amino acid change that has different properties than the wild type. The protein may lose its function, which can result in a disease in the organism. Ex. Lys (polar basic) to Thr (Polar neutral)

Answer 57

NONCONSERVARTIVE MISSENSE

Question 58

a mutation that inserts or deletes a base in a molecule base sequence. This type of mutation occurs when the addition or loss of DNA bases changes a gene's reading frame

Answer 58

Frameshift mutation

Question 59

One or more extra nucleotides are inserted or added into the replicating DNA, often resulting in frameshift. As a result, the protein made by the gene may not function properly.

Answer 59

INSERTION

Question 60

Changes the number of DNA bases by removing a piece of DNA. Small deletions may remove one or a few base pairs within a gene, while larger deletions can remove an entire gene or several neighboring genes. The deleted DNA may alter the function of the resulting protein(s)

Answer 60

DELETION

Question 61

CHROMOSOME MUTATION: A region of a chromosome is lost, resulting in the absence of all the genes in that area

Answer 61

DELETION

Question 62

CHROMOSOME MUTATION: A region from one chromosome is aberrantly attached to another chromosome

Answer 62

TRANSLOCATION

Question 63

CHROMOSOME MUTATION: A region of a chromosome is repeated, resulting in an increase in dosage from the genes in that region

Answer 63

DUPLICATION

Question 64

CHROMOSOME MUTATION: One region of a chromosome is flipped and reinserted

Answer 64

INVERSION

Question 65

is a type of DNA form from genetic engineering procedure that contains genetic material from two different organism that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.

Answer 65

rDNA or recombinant DNA

Question 66

Is a method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence

Answer 66

polymerase chain reaction

Question 67

Three main stages of Polymerase chain reaction: When the double-stranded template DNA is heated to separate it into two single strands.

Answer 67

Denaturing

Question 68

Three main stages of Polymerase chain reaction: When the temperature is lowered to enable the DNA primers to attach to the template DNA.

Answer 68

Annealing

Question 69

Three main stages of Polymerase chain reaction: When the temperature is raised and the new strand of DNA is made by the Taq polymerase enzyme.

Answer 69

Extending

Question 70

is the biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves.

Answer 70

DNA replication

Question 71

is an unbranched polymer containing the monomer units called nucleotides

Answer 71

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Question 72

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Deoxyribonucleic acids

Answer 72

DNA

Question 73

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Ribose

Answer 73

RNA

Question 74

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Single stranded

Answer 74

RNA

Question 75

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Guanine

Answer 75

BOTH

Question 76

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Adenine

Answer 76

BOTH

Question 77

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Nucleus

Answer 77

DNA

Question 78

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Genetic blueprint

Answer 78

DNA

Question 78

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Cytosine

Answer 78

BOTH

Question 79

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Uracil

Answer 79

RNA

Question 80

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Thymine

Answer 80

DNA

Question 81

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Ribonucleic acids

Answer 81

RNA

Question 82

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Double stranded

Answer 82

DNA

Question 83

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Nucleolus

Answer 83

RNA

Question 84

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Protein synthesis

Answer 84

RNA

Question 85

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Long strand

Answer 85

DNA

Question 86

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Short strand

Answer 86

RNA

Question 87

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Phosphate

Answer 87

BOTH

Question 88

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Nucleotides

Answer 88

BOTH

Question 89

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Deoxyribose

Answer 89

DNA

Question 90

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Cytoplasm

Answer 90

RNA

Question 91

DNA, RNA OR BOTH: Copy the genetic blueprint for transcription

Answer 91

RNA