Nucleic Acid (Module) Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
is a nucleotide polymer in which each of the monomers contains deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of the heterocyclic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
2
Q
a nucleotide polymer in which each of the monomers contains ribose, a phosphate group, and one of the heterocyclic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil
A
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
3
Q
discovered nucleic acids in 1869 while studying the nuclei of white blood cells
A
FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
4
Q
Coined DNA molecule as three dimensional double helix structure
A
JAMES DEWEY WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK
5
Q
TYPE OF STRAND: Double helix w/ anti-parallel & complementary strands
A
DNA
6
Q
TYPE OF STRAND: Single strand
A
RNA
7
Q
LENGTH OF STRANDS : Longer
A
DNA
8
Q
LENGTH OF STRANDS : Shorter
A
RNA
9
Q
Found in the nucleus, with a small amount also present in mitochondria.
A
DNA
10
Q
Forms in the nucleolus, and then moves to specialized regions of the cytoplasm depending on the type of RNA formed.
A
RNA
11
Q
Replicates and stores or the blueprint genetic information
A
DNA
12
Q
converts the genetic information contained within DNA to a format used to build proteins
A
RNA
13
Q
What are the nucleotide building blocks?
A
- Pentose sugar
- Nitrogenous bases
- Phosphate
14
Q
Bases of DNA:
A
- Adenine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Thymine
15
Q
Bases of RNA:
A
- Adenine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Uracil
16
Q
Only pairs involving one small base (_______) and one large base (_______) correctly “fit” within the helix interior
A
pyrimidine & purine
17
Q
What two combinations are the only two that normally occur in DNA?
A
A–T (2 H-bond) and G–C (3 H-bond)
18
Q
A and T, and G and C are ______ bases.
A
complementary bases
19
Q
are strands of DNA in a double helix with base pairing such that each base is located opposite its complementary base
A
Complementary DNA strands
20
Q
Purine and pyrimidine bases are ______ in nature, so their stacking interactions are those associated with hydrophobic molecules—mainly London forces.
A
hydrophobic
21
Q
the most common or prinicipal form of the DNA double helix that occurs in nature
A
B-DNA
22
Q
a form of a DNA double helix characterized by having fewer residues per turn and major and minor grooves with dimensions that are more similar to each other than those of B-DNA.
A
A-DNA
23
Q
Found as artifact of DNA preparation or dehydrated B-DNA samples
A
A-DNA
24
Q
has been seen to occur naturally under certain circumstances. Has zigzag look of the phosphodiester backbone when viewed from the side.
A
Z-DNA
25
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX :
Right handed it winds in the direction of the fingers of the right hand as the thumb is placed upward
A-DNA & B-DNA
26
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:
Left handed it winds in the direction of the fingers of the left hand as the thumb is placed upward
Z-DNA (Zigzag)
27
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:
Major groove: narrow and deep
Minor groove: wide and shallow
A-DNA
28
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:
Major groove: wide and deep
Minor groove: narrow and deep
B-DNA
29
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:
Major groove: flat
Minor groove: narrow and deep
Z-DNA (Zigzag)
30
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:
Number of base pairs per helical turn: 11
A-DNA
31
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:
Number of base pairs per helical turn: 10
B-DNA
32
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:
Number of base pairs per helical turn: 12
Z-DNA (Zigzag)
33
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:
Present mostly: In DNA-RNA hybrids or RNA-RNA double stranded regions
A-DNA
34
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:
Present mostly: Chromosomal DNA
B-DNA
35
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:
Present mostly: In sequence of alternating purines and pyrimidines
(ex. polyGC like dCpGpCpGpCpG)
Z-DNA (Zigzag)
36
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
DNA is found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells & circular plasmids. Not found inside the organelles
PROKARYOTIC DNA
37
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell, inside the chloroplast & mitochondria
EUKARYOTIC DNA
38
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
Small amount of DNA in the form of a single, Circular chromosomes
PROKARYOTIC DNA
39
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
More DNA arranged in multiple, linear chromosomes
EUKARYOTIC DNA
40
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
Consist of 1 copy of genome
PROKARYOTIC DNA
41
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
Consist of more than 1 copy of genome
EUKARYOTIC DNA
42
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
Introns are absent
PROKARYOTIC DNA
43
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
Introns are present
EUKARYOTIC DNA
44
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
Contains of small number of genes
PROKARYOTIC DNA
45
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
Contains of large number of genes
EUKARYOTIC DNA
46
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
DNA replication occurs in the cytoplasm
PROKARYOTIC DNA
47
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
DNA replication occurs in the nucleus
EUKARYOTIC DNA
48
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
Organized into single chromosomes
PROKARYOTIC DNA
49
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
Organized into many chromosomes
EUKARYOTIC DNA
50
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
Chromosome contains single origin of replication
PROKARYOTIC DNA
51
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
Chromosome contains many origin of replication
EUKARYOTIC DNA
52
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
Not packed with histones and condenses to form nucleoid
PROKARYOTIC DNA
53
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
Packed with histones to form chromatin
EUKARYOTIC DNA
54
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
DNA replication is rapid
PROKARYOTIC DNA
55
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:
DNA replication is slow
EUKARYOTIC DNA
56
Each chromosome in the nucleus of a eukaryote contains one long, linear molecule of dsDNA, which is bound to a complex mixture of proteins (histone and non-histone) to form ________.
chromatin
57
typically contains a single, double-stranded, supercoiled, circular chromosome.
prokaryotic organism
58
Each prokaryotic chromosome is associated with non-histone proteins that can condense the DNA to form a _______
nucleoid
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most species of bacteria (prokaryotes) also contain small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules called _____
plasmids
60
carries genetic information, and undergoes replication that may or may not be synchronized to chromosomal division.
Plasmid DNA
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is circular, and this DNA forms supercoils
Prokaryotic DNA
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is analogous twisting or untwisting a rope so that it is torsionally stressed.
DNA supercoiling
63
introduces a torsional stress that favors unwinding of the righthanded B-DNA double helix
Negative supercoiling
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introduces a torsional stress that favors overwinding of the righthanded B-DNA double helix
positive supercoiling
65
Enzymes that are involved in changing the supercoiled state of DNA
TOPOISOMERASE
66
2 TYPES OF TOPOISOMERASE:
cut the phosphodiester backbone of one strand of DNA, pass the other end through, and then reseal the backbone.
Class I topoisomerases
67
2 TYPES OF TOPOISOMERASE:
cut both strands of DNA, pass some of the remaining DNA helix between the cut ends, and then reseal.
Class II topoisomerase
68
is a bacterial topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoils into DNA.
DNA gyrase
69
The principal proteins in chromatin are the _____, of which there are five main types, called H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.
histones
70
DNA is tightly bound to all the types of histone except ____
H1
71
In electron micrographs, chromatin resembles beads on a string. This appearance reflects the molecular composition of the protein–DNA complex. Each “bead” is a ______, consisting of DNA wrapped around a histone core.
nucleosome
72
a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic nuclei
chromatin
73
basic proteins found complexed to eukaryotic DNA
histones
74
a globular structure in chromatin in which DNA is wrapped around an aggregate of histone molecules
nucleosome
75
It is an individual DNA molecule bound to a group of proteins.
Chromosomes
76
known as RNA-directed DNA polymerase. Used by retroviruses for reverse transcription
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
77
It is the biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves.
DNA replication
78
The point at which the DNA double helix is unwinding, which is constantly changing (moving).
REPLICATION FORK
79
The strand that grows continuously
LEADING STRAND
80
The strand that is synthesized in small segments
LAGGING STRAND
81
short segments, (after their discoverer, Reiji Okazaki), as the DNA unwinds
OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
82
The breaks or gaps in the daughter strand
NICKS
83
influences the unwinding of DNA double helix, and the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases are broken
DNA HELICASE
84
verifies that the base pairing is correct and then catalyzes the formation of a new phosphodiester linkage between the nucleotide and the growing strand. Also, recognizes the RNA primer & begins to extend it with DNA.
DNA POLYMERASE III
85
synthesizes a short stretches of RNA (~10 nucleotides long) that are completely complementary and antiparallel to the DNA template
PRIMASE
86
is RNA that prime (lay down short strand of ribonucleotide) and initiates DNA synthesis.
RNA PRIMER
87
It is the main ingredient of replication.
RNA primer
88
It is used for PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification
DNA primer
89
excise (removes) RNA primers from fragments and replace it the required nucleotides.
DNA POLYMERASE I
90
connect two strands of DNA together by forming a bond between the phosphate group of one strand (synthesized by DNA pol III) and the deoxyribose group on another (made by DNA pol I)
DNA LIGASE
91
It is used in cells to join together the Okazaki fragments which are formed on the lagging strand
DNA LIGASE
92
Unwinding the DNA is accomplished by an enzyme named _______
DNA helicase
93
Manufacturing new DNA strands is orchestrated by enzymes called ________.
polymerases
94
In this pattern, the individual strands of DNA are manufactured in different directions, producing a leading and a lagging strand
semi-conservative replication
95
Lagging strands are created by the production of small DNA fragments called _______ that are eventually joined together
Okazaki fragments
96
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
It occurs in the cytoplasm
PROKARYOTIC
97
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
It occurs inside the nucleus
EUKARYOTIC
98
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
There is a single origin of replication
PROKARYOTIC
99
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
Origin of replication are numerous or multiple
EUKARYOTIC
100
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
Replication occurs in 2 opposing ends
PROKARYOTIC
101
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
Uses unidirectional replication
EUKARYOTIC
102
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
Possess one or 2 types of polymerase
PROKARYOTIC
103
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
Has 4 or more polymerase (ex. DNA polymerase γ replicates mitochondrial DNA)
EUKARYOTIC
104
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
DNA polymerase III carries out both initiation and elongation
PROKARYOTIC
105
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
Initiation is carried out by DNA polymerase α while elongation by DNA polymerase δ (lagging strand) and ε (leading strand)
EUKARYOTIC
106
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
DNA repair and gap filling are done by DNA polymerase I
PROKARYOTIC
107
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
DNA repair and gap filling are performed by DNA polymerase β.
EUKARYOTIC
108
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
Okazaki fragments are large, 1000-2000 nucleotides long
PROKARYOTIC
109
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
Okazaki fragments are short, 100-200 nucleotides long
EUKARYOTIC
110
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
Replication is very rapid , some 2000 base pair per second .
PROKARYOTIC
111
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
Replication is slow, some 100 nucleotides per second
EUKARYOTIC
112
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
Like bacteria replication occurs at 40 mins
PROKARYOTIC
113
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
Animal cells like human at 400hrs
EUKARYOTIC
114
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
DNA gyrase is needed
PROKARYOTIC
115
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
DNA gyrase is not needed. But also have a distinct process for replicating the telomeres at the ends of their chromosomes
EUKARYOTIC
116
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
With their circular chromosomes, they have no ends to synthesize and with short replication, it occurs almost continuously
PROKARYOTIC
117
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:
only undergo DNA replication during the S-phase of the cell cycle.
EUKARYOTIC
