Enzymes PPT based (Part II)

Question 1

Greek _____, means “other,” and stereos, means “site or space.”

Answer 1

allo

Question 2

is an enzyme with two or more protein chains (quaternary structure) and two kinds of binding sites (substrate and regulator)

Answer 2

Allosteric Enzymes

Question 3

substances that bind at regulatory sites of allosteric enzymes

Answer 3

Regulators

Question 4

increases enzyme activity; the shape of the active site is changed such that it can more readily accept substrate.

Answer 4

positive regulator

Question 5

a noncompetitive inhibitor; decreases enzyme activity; changes to the active site are such that substrate is less readily accepted.

Answer 5

negative regulator

Question 6

a process in which activation or inhibition of the first reaction in a reaction sequence is controlled by a product of the reaction sequence

Answer 6

Feedback Control

Question 7

an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of peptide bonds that maintain the primary structure of a protein

Answer 7

proteolytic enzyme

Question 8

is the inactive precursor of a proteolytic enzyme

Answer 8

zymogen or proenzyme

Question 9

is a process in which enzyme activity is altered by covalently modifying the structure of the enzyme through attachment of a chemical group to or removal of a chemical group from a particular amino acid within the enzyme’s structure.

Answer 9

Covalent Modification of Enzymes

Question 10

Blocks the action of angiotensinogen (specifically angiotensin I) to form the vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II. These inhibitors also diminish the rate of bradykinin (potent vasodilator) inactivation.

Answer 10

ACE Inhibitors

Question 11

acts as a competitive inhibitor to enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for converting PABA into folic acid, specifically competes with the substrate(PABA) for the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase

Answer 11

Sulfa Drugs

Question 12

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide cross links between polysaccharide strands in bacterial cell walls. These cross links strengthen cell walls necessary to protect the bacterium from lysis

Answer 12

Transpeptidase

Question 13

Interfere with the last step of bacterial cell wall synthesis (transpeptidation or cross-linkage) thus inhibiting transpeptidase enzyme (as very selective competitive inhibitor) exposing the osmotically less stable membrane causing lysis.

Answer 13

Penicillins

Question 14

an enzyme which protects bacteria
from penicillin

Answer 14

Penicillinase

Question 15

an enzyme that helps metabolize drugs in the body

Answer 15

cytochrome P450s

Question 16

A drug used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias)

Answer 16

Amiodarone

Question 17

Antidepressants

Answer 17

Buspirone,sertraline

Question 18

An anti-seizure medication

Answer 18

Carbamazepine

Question 19

Immunosuppressant drugs

Answer 19

Cyclosporine

Question 20

Calcium-channel blockers used to treat high blood pressure

Answer 20

Felodipine , nifedipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine

Question 21

An HIV medication

Answer 21

Saquinavir

Question 22

Statins used to treat high cholesterol

Answer 22

Simvastatin, lovastatin , atorvastatin

Question 23

is an enzyme that is found primarily in skeletal and cardiac muscle and in smaller fractions in the brain

Answer 23

Creatine kinase

Question 24

TYPES OF CREATININE KINASE:

Answer 24

• muscle (CK-MM)
• brain (CK-BB),
• cardiac tissue (CK-MB)

Question 25

important marker in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

Answer 25

cardiac tissue (CK-MB)

Question 26

TROPONIN: are sensitive markers of cardiac injury

Answer 26

Troponin I and T

Question 27

TROPONIN: is found solely in the cardiac muscle

Answer 27

Troponin I

Question 28

TROPONIN: is found in both cardiac and skeletal muscle

Answer 28

Troponin T

Question 29

liver tissue. It is also located in myocardial, muscle, and renal tissue

Answer 29

Alanine Aminotransferase/ serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)

Question 30

considered a specific marker for liver disease

Answer 30

Alanine Aminotransferase/ serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)

Question 31

found in the liver. It is also present in the heart, kidney, pancreas, lungs, and skeletal muscle

Answer 31

Aspartate Aminotransferase/ serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)

Question 32

For diagnosis of liver disease

Answer 32

Aspartate Aminotransferase/ serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)

Question 33

an enzyme found in the liver, kidney, and pancreas.

Answer 33

g-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT)

Question 34

useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of alcoholic liver disease

Answer 34

g-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT)

Question 35

enzyme involved in the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. is found in many tissues, including heart, brain, liver, skeletal muscle, kidneys, lungs, and RBCs

Answer 35

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Question 36

are present in liver tissue, and elevations may be seen in liver disease such as hepatitis and cirrhosis

Answer 36

LDH4 and LDH5

Question 37

may be useful in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction

Answer 37

LDH1 and LDH2

Question 38

enzyme that aids in the digestion of fat. It is primarily secreted by the pancreas.

Answer 38

Lipase

Question 39

useful in the diagnosis of pancreatitis and is considered a more specific marker for pancreatitis than amylase

Answer 39

Lipase

Question 40

enzyme that aids in digestion by breaking down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars

Answer 40

Amylase

Question 41

What condition is this isoenzyme pattern: Moderate elevation of LDH1, slight elevation of LDH2

Answer 41

Myocardial infarction

Question 42

What condition is this isoenzyme pattern: Large elevation of LDH5, Moderate elevation of LDH4

Answer 42

Acute hepatitis

Question 43

What condition is this isoenzyme pattern: Elevation of LDH1-3

Answer 43

Muscular dystrophy

Question 44

What condition is this isoenzyme pattern: Large elevation of LDH1

Answer 44

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 45

What condition is this isoenzyme pattern: Moderate elevation of LDH1 and LDH2

Answer 45

Sickle cell anemia

Question 46

What condition is this isoenzyme pattern: Elevation of LDH5

Answer 46

Arthritis with joint infections

Question 47

Major diagnostic use of what enzyme: Liver and pancreatic disease

Answer 47

Amylase

Question 48

Major diagnostic use of what enzyme: Prostate cancer

Answer 48

Acid phosphate

Question 49

Major diagnostic use of what enzyme: Liver and bone disease

Answer 49

Alkaline phosphatase

Question 50

Major diagnostic use of what enzyme: Myocardial infarction and muscle disorders

Answer 50

Creatine phosphokinase

Question 51

Major diagnostic use of what enzyme: Myocardial infarction, leukemia, anemia

Answer 51

Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 52

Major diagnostic use of what enzyme: Hypertension

Answer 52

Renin

Question 53

Major diagnostic use of what enzyme: Myocardial infarction

Answer 53

Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)

Question 54

Major diagnostic use of what enzyme: Infectious hepatitis

Answer 54

Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)

Question 55

Major diagnostic use of what enzyme: Acute pancreatitis

Answer 55

Trypsin

Question 56

Major diagnostic use of what enzyme: Wilson’s disease

Answer 56

Ceruplasmin

Question 57

It is an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of fats. It is secreted by pancreas and Liver.

Answer 57

Lipase

Question 58

is the enzyme concerned with the break down of dietary starch and glycogen to maltose

Answer 58

α- amylase

Question 59

It is present in pancreatic juice and saliva as well as in liver fallopian tubes and muscles. The enzyme is excreted in the Urine.

Answer 59

α- Amylase

Question 60

is secreted by pancreas, elevated levels of this in plasma occur during acute pancreatic disease.

Answer 60

Trypsin

Question 61

are a group of enzymes, which hydrolyze phosphate esters at an alkaline pH. They are found in bone, liver, kidney, intestinal wall, lactating mammary gland and placenta. In bone the enzyme is found in osteoblasts and is probably important for normal bone function.

Answer 61

Alkaline phosphates (ALP)

Question 62

catalyzing the hydrolysis of various phosphate esters at acidic pH is found in the prostate, liver, red cells, platelets and bone. It may be elevated in metastatic prostatic carcinoma

Answer 62

Acid Phosphatase (ACP)

Question 63

catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of aspartic acid to α- ketoglutarate forming glutamate and oxaloacetate.

Answer 63

Aspartate Transaminase (AST)

Question 64

It catalyzes the reversible interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. It is widely distributed with high concentrations in the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, brain and erythrocytes.

Answer 64

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

Question 65

This enzyme is increased in plasma in myocardial infarction, acute leukemias, generalized carcinomatosis and in acute hepatitis. Estimation of it isoenzymes is more useful in clinical diagnosis to differentiate hepatic disease and myocardial infarction.

Answer 65

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

Question 66

is found in heart muscle brain and skeletal muscle

Answer 66

Creatine kinase (CK) or creatine phosphokinase (CPK)