Lipids Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
are a heterogeneous group of compounds, including fats, oils, steroids, waxes, and related compounds, which are related more by their physical than by their chemical properties
A
LIPIDS
2
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPID:
Triacylglycerols
A
Energy-storage lipids
3
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS:
* Phospholipids
* sphingoglycolipids
* Cholesterol
A
Membrane lipid
4
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS:
* Bile acids
A
Emulsification lipids
5
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS:
* steroid hormones
* Eicosanoids
A
Messenger lipids
6
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS:
Biological waxes
A
Protective coating lipids
7
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
Based upon whether or not saponification occurs
a. Cholesterol
b. Steroid hormones
c. Bile acids
d. Eicosanoids
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Nonsaponifiable lipids
8
Q
building blocks of lipids
A
FATTY ACIDS
9
Q
are naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid
A
FATTY ACIDS
10
Q
CARBON CHAIN LENGTH:
C12 to C26
A
long-chain fatty acids
11
Q
CARBON CHAIN LENGTH:
C8 and C10
A
medium-chain fatty acids
12
Q
CARBON CHAIN LENGTH:
C4 and C6
A
short-chain fatty acids
13
Q
is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which all carbon–carbon bonds are single bonds.
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saturated fatty acid
14
Q
is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which one carbon carbon double bond is present
A
monounsaturated fatty acid
15
Q
is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which two or more carbon–carbon double bonds are present.
A
polyunsaturated fatty acid
16
Q
Common name for polyunsaturated fatty acid.
A
Linoleic acid
17
Q
unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond three carbon atoms away from its methyl end.
A
omega-3 fatty acid
18
Q
unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond six carbon atoms away from its methyl end
A
omega-6 fatty acid
19
Q
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Vinegar
A
Acetic acid
20
Q
Fatty acid and occurrence:
An end product of carbohydrate fermentation by rumen Organisms
A
Propionic acid
21
Q
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Glycerides in butter
A
Butyric acid
22
Q
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Goat and Cow butter; Coconut fat
A
Caproic acid
23
Q
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Goat and Cow butter; Coconut fat; Human Fat
A
Caprylic acid
24
Q
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Goat and Cow butter; Coconut fat; Fat of spice bush
A
Capric acid
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Fatty acid and occurrence:
Spermaceti, cinnamon, palm kernel oil, coconut oils, laurels, butter
Lauric
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Fatty acid and occurrence:
Nutmeg, palm kernel, coconut oils, myrtles, butter
Myristic acid
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Fatty acid and occurrence:
Animal and vegetable fats; spermaceti; beeswax
Palmitic acid
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Fatty acid and occurrence:
Animal and vegetable fats
Stearic acid
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WATER SOLUBILITY: Solubility decreases as carbon chain length ______.
Increases
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WATER SOLUBILITY:
Long-chain fatty acids are essentially ______ in water
insoluble
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS: MELTING POINTS
As carbon chain length increases, melting point _____.
increases
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS: MELTING POINTS
The greater the degree of unsaturation, the _____ the reduction in melting points.
greater
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Long-chain saturated fatty acids tend to be ____at room temperature, whereas long-chain unsaturated fatty acids tend to be _____at room temperature.
solids, liquids
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Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols.
Simple lipids
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Esters of fatty acids with glycerol
Fats
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Esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight monohydric alcohols.
Waxes
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Esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to an alcohol and a fatty acid.
Complex or compound lipids
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Lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids and an alcohol, a
phosphoric acid residue. They frequently have nitrogen containing bases and other substituents
Phospholipids
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contain carbohydrate and nitrogenous base
Glycolipids
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Lipids containing a fatty acid, sphingosine, and carbohydrate
Glycosphingolipids
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storage site of triacylglycerols in the human body, specifically in the special cells known as ADIPOCYTES
ADIPOSE TISSUE
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Most abundant type of lipids present in the body. More efficient at storing energy than glycogen, large quantities can be packed in very small volume.
TRIACYLGLYCEROL
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Is a lipid form by esterification of three fatty acids to a glycerol
molecules.
Triacylglycerol, TAG
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Is a triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with three identical fatty acids molecule
Simple Triacylglycerol
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A triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acid molecules.
Mixed Triacylglycerol
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naturally occurring mixtures of triacylglycerol
FATS AND OILS
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FATS OR OILS:
Solid or semisolid at room temp
FATS
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FATS OR OILS:
Liquid at room temp
OILS
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FATS OR OILS:
Obtained from animal sources
FATS
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FATS OR OILS:
Obtained from plants
OILS
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FATS OR OILS:
Saturated compounds predominates
FATS
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FATS OR OILS:
Mono and polyunsaturated compounds predominates
OILS
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FATS OR OILS:
“Linearity” of fatty acids causing the molecule to be closely packed
FATS
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FATS OR OILS:
“Bends” chain causing the molecule incapable of close packing
OILS
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FATS OR OILS:
Higher melting point
FATS
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FATS OR OILS:
Lower melting point
OILS
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Compound responsible for the pain killing effect of ibuprofen which is also present in freshly pressed olive oil
Oleocanthal
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Recommended consumption of Saturated Fats:
Not more than 10% of total calories per day
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Saturated fats are consist of how many bonds
SINGLE
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Unsaturated fats are consist of how many bonds
at least 1 DOUBLE bond
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Excessive consumption of this is not good because of their association with heart diseases. What is this?
Saturated Fats
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Saturated fats increases what Lipoproteins
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL or bad cholesterol) & Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL's)
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It is commonly found in Butter, coconut oil, whole milk, butter, margarine, cheese, fried foods, & frozen dinners
Saturated Fats
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It is commonly found in Avocado, soybean oil, canola oil and olive oil, sunflower oil, fish oils walnuts
Unsaturated Fats
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What is the physical state at room temp. of the Saturated fats?
Solid
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What is the physical state at room temp. of the unsaturated fats?
Liquid
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What fatty acid is needed in the human body that must be obtain from dietary sources because it cannot be synthesize with in the body, in adequate amounts, from other substances.
Essential Fatty Acids
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are needed for proper membrane structure
Essential Fatty Acids
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serve as starting materials for the production of several nutritionally important longer chain omega-6 and omega-3 acids
Essential Fatty Acids
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primary member of Omega-6 acid family.
Linoleic acid
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is the starting material for biosysthesis of arachedonic acid
Linoleic acid
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primary member of Omega-3 acid family.
Linolenic acid
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2 Types of Fat Substitutes
* Calorie Reduced
* Calorie Free
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the best known calorie reduced fat substitute
Simplesse
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Simplesse made from the protein of fresh egg white and milk by a procedure called
Microparticulation
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the best known calorie free fats substitute.
Olestra
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Terminologies used for fat substitute: means less than 0.5g of fat per serving
Fat free
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Terminologies used for fat substitute: means 3g or less fat per 50g serving
Low fat
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Terminologies used for fat substitute: means at least 25% less fat per serving than the regular food
Reduce fat or less fat
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Terminologies used for fat substitute: means less than 0.5 kilo calories per serving
Calorie free
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the reverse of the esterification reaction by which it was formed.
Hydrolysis
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Products of Hydrolysis:
Glycerols
Fatty acids
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Two Hydrolysis Process: where all three fatty acids are removed.
Complete hydrolysis
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Two Hydrolysis Process: one or more of the fatty acid residues remains attached to the glycerol.
Partial hydrolysis
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All cells are surrounded by membrane that confines their contents.
MEMBRANE LIPIDS
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3 important membrane lipids:
A. Phospholipids
B. Sphingoglycolipids
C. Cholesterol
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______ that is a component of cell membranes and a precursor for other steroid based lipids
C27 steroid molecule
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carry cholesterol from the liver to various cells or tissues of the body
LDL
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carry excess cholesterol from body tissues back to the liver for degradation to bile acids
HDL
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transport triacylglycerols from the liver to adipose tissue
VLDL
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transport dietary triacylglycerols from the intestines to the liver and adipose tissue
CHYLOMICRONS
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a form of cardiovascular disease characterized by the buildup of plaque along the inner walls of arteries.
Atherosclerosis
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is a mound of lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium
Plaque
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is a lipid-based structure that separates a cell’s aqueous-based interior from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell.
CELL MEMBRANE
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is a two layer-thick structure of phospholipids and glycolipids in which the nonpolar tails of the lipids are in the middle of the structure and the polar heads are on the outside surfaces of the structure
Lipid bilayer
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Transport Across Cell Membranes:
Not requiring protein
Passive Transport
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Transport Across Cell Membranes:
Proteins serve as "gates"
Facilitated transport
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Transport Across Cell Membranes:
Proteins serve as "pumps"
Active Transport
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* 90% drugs are transported across biologic membranes
* Movement of drug if there is a concentration gradient , meaning, drug concentration on one side of the membrane is higher than that of the other side
* No energy expenditure
PASSIVE DIFFUSION
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* Carier mediated
* Permeability is dependent on the number of carriers
* 5-10% of drugs are transported this way, usually small MW drugs with structures similar to food (peptides,nucleosides,nucleotides) so permeability is affected by the presence of food due to carrier competition of nutrients
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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* Carier mediated
* Permeability is dependent on the number of carriers
* 5-10% of drugs are transported this way, usually small MW drugs with structures similar to food (peptides,nucleosides,nucleotides) so permeability is affected by the presence of food due to carrier competition of nutrients
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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* The drug binds with an intrinsic factor carrier like vitamin B12
* It passes through the membrane but no energy expenditure
* Transfer is downhill and fast
* Saturable process. The rate limiting step is the number of intrinsic factor
FACILITATED TRANSPORT
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a fluid containing emulsifying agents that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine during digestion.
Bile
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a cholesterol derivative that functions as a lipid-emulsifying agent in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract
Bile acid
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is a substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution
emulsifier
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Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions called _______
bile salts
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Regulatory lipids that act in the tissue where they are synthesized or at other locations after transport via the blood stream.
Messenger Lipids
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is a biochemical substance, produced by a ductless gland, that has a messenger function
chemical messenger
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It serves as a means of communication between various tissues.
chemical messenger
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carry information and instructions from one group of cells to another.
chemical messenger
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is a hormone that is a cholesterol derivatives
STEROID HORMONE
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Major classes of steroid hormones:
which control reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
sex hormones
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Major classes of steroid hormones:
which regulate numerous biochemical processes in the body.
adrenocorticoid hormones
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It is the primary estrogen; responsible for secondary female characteristics.
Estradiol
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It is the primary estrogen; responsible for secondary female characteristics.
Estradiol
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The primary androgen; responsible for secondary male characteristics.
Testosterone
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Bile acids always carry an amino acid either __________ attached to the side-chain carboxyl group via an amide linkage
glycine or taurine
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2 subtypes of Steroid Hormones
1. Sex Hormones
2. Adrenocorticoids
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3 types of Sex Hormones
1. Estrogen
2. Androgen
3. Progestin
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3 subtypes of Eicosanoids
1. Prostaglandins
2. Thromboxanes
3. Leukotrienes
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List the 3 natural hormones.
1. Estradiol
2. Testosterone
3. Progesterone
120
List the 3 synthetic steroids.
1. Norethynodrel
2. RU-486
3. Methandrostenolone
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It is a natural hormone, which the primary is estrogen; responsible for secondary female characteristics.
Estradiol
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The primary is androgen; responsible for secondary male characteristics.
Testosterone
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The primary is progestin; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
Progesterone
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It is a synthetic progestin.
Norethynodrel
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It is a synthetic abortion drug; mifepristone.
RU-486
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It is a synthetic tissue-building steroid.
Methandrostenolone
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For women: ovaries and adrenal cortex.
For men: testes and adrenal gland
Estrogen
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for the development of female secondary sex characteristics at the onset of puberty
Estrogen
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for regulation of the menstrual cycle
ESTROGEN
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stimulate the development of the mammary glands during pregnancy and induce estrus (heat) in animals
ESTROGEN
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What are the types of estrogen?
1. Estradiol
2. Estriol
3. Estrone
132
It is the most commonly measured type of estrogen for nonpregnant women. The amount of this in a woman's blood varies throughout her menstrual cycle. After menopause, the production of this drops to a very low but constant level.
Estradiol
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Levels of this usually are only measured during pregnancy. It is produced in a large amounts by the placenta, the tissue that links the fetus to the mother. It can be detected as early as the 9th week of pregnancy, and its levels increase until delivery. It can also be measured in urine.
Estriol
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May be measured in women who have gone through menopause to determine their estrogen levels. It also may be measured in men or women who might have cancer of the ovaries, testicles, or adrenal glands
Estrone
