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RAD 414 > cardiac > Flashcards

cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

what do you call the area between the ribs

A

intercostal space

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2
Q

what do you call the central portion of the thoracic cavity

A

mediastinum

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3
Q

what landmark does the great vessels/arch of aorta emerge

A

sternal angle / T4-T5

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4
Q

what landmark does the apex of the heart sit

A

5th intercostal space

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5
Q

where is the mediastinum space found

A

between the left and right lungs

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6
Q

what subsections are the mediastinum divided into and give landmarks

A

divided into superior and inferior mediastinum

inferior is further divided into anterior, middle and posterior

division of superior and inferior mediatinum is at the sternal angle which is also rib 2 and also thoracic t4/t5 intervertebral disc

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7
Q

the the sternal angle is a popular landmark, name 5 components that can be found at the level of the sternal angle

A

carina
t4-t5 vertebral disc
arch of aorta
rib 2
bifurcation of trachea

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8
Q

what are the 2 circulation systems carried out by the left and right side of the heart

A

right side of heart = pulmonary circulation (to lungs)

left side of heart = systemic circulation ( to body)

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9
Q

describe the orientation of the heart in the middle mediastinum

A

sits on the cardic axis tilted 45 degrees to the left

right ventricle is most anterior and left atrium is most posterior

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10
Q

describe the blood flow through the heart and great vessels

A
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11
Q

name the 2 atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid (right atrium and ventricle)

mitral/bicuspid (left atrium and ventricle)

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12
Q

what are the valves in the aorta and pulmonary called

A

arotic or pulmonary

semi-lunar

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13
Q

what muscle in the heart controls the opening of the valves and what tendon does it use

A

papillary muscle

pulls on the valves(to open) using chordae tendinae

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14
Q

why can ventricles adjust the thickness of their walls

A

to be more suitable in sutuations such as hypertension, issues with valves (so ventricles need to work hard to push blood through aorta/pulmonary)

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15
Q

what is the endocardium

A

layer of cells within the heart (lines the walls)

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16
Q

what is the myocardium

A

muscle of the heard

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17
Q

what is epicardium

A

outer most layer of cells of heart

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18
Q

what is an advantage of the myocardium

A

has small perforated vessels to allow oxygenated blood to reach the muscle

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19
Q

what is the pericardium

A

fibrous sac that encloses the entire heart and beginnings of the great vessels

20
Q

describe the 4 layers of the sac that surrounds the heat

A

pericardium

parietal layer of serious pericardium

pericardial cavity

visceral layer of serous pericardium

21
Q

what is within the pericardial cavity and why

A

clear fluid to allow the rubbing of the heart/motion of the heart onto the pericardium

22
Q

what is pericardial infusion

A

where there’s a build up of fluid in the pericardial cavity causing compression on heart

23
Q

what is aortic reguitation

A

when theres reverse flow of blood from aorta into left ventricle due to inadequate closing of aortic valve

24
Q

what is cardiomyopathy

A

muscles of heart have lost ability to contract and squeeze blood out of heart

25
Q

what is the hole that allows the passing of oxygenated blood from the right atrium into the left atrium

A

foramen ovale

26
Q

whats the name of the hole that allows passing of oxygenated blood from pulmonary trunk into aorta

A

ductus arteriosis

27
Q

describe how fetuses use oxygenated blood from mother

A
  • from the placenta, oxygenated blood travels through the umbilical vein and into the inferior vena cava of baby
  • oxygenated blood from inferior vena cave enters the right atrium
  • blood from right atrium passes through into left atrium via foramen ovale
  • blood in left atrium passes into left ventricle then into the aorta and pushed to the rest of the body
  • some blood may pass into the right ventricle so here it is pumped into the pulmonary trunk where it can enter the aorta via the ductus arteriosus
  • once oxygenated blood has been used up (now contains co2 waste etc), it goes down the descending aorta and into the umbilical artery where it reenters the placenta for the mother to filter
28
Q

what causes the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus to close after birth

A

after birth the lungs are now in use

the change in pressure, causes the shutting of these flaps/openings

-lungs full with air
- pressure drop in pulmonary circulation
- left atrium pressure increases (shutting the opening

29
Q

what is a patent ductus arteriosus

A

when the ductus arteriosus doesnt shut after birth

30
Q

label the 5 types of branches of the coronary artery on the right side of the heart

A

right coronary artery
clonal branch/ atricular branch
ventricular branches (2)
right marginal branch
posterior descending branch

31
Q

from what great vessels do the coronary arteries branch from

A

aorta

32
Q

label the 6 branches of the coronary artery on the left side of the heart

A

left coronary artery
circumflex
anterior descending intraventricular artery
left marginal artery
atrial branches
inferior ventricular branches

33
Q

what 3 branches of the left coronary artery stem off the circumflex branch

A

left marginal artery
atrial branches
inferior ventricular branches

34
Q

name the 4 veins in coronary anatomy

A

great cardiac veins (anterior inter ventricular vein)

small cardiac veins (right marginal vein)

anterior veins of right ventricle

middle cardiac vein

35
Q

what coronary arteries do the veins accompany

A

small cardiac veins accompany the right marginal arteries

great cardiac vein/anterior inter ventricular vein accompany the anterior descending inter ventricular artery

middle cardiac vein accompanies the posterior descending artery

36
Q

explain how the heart contracts

A
  • Sino-atrial nodes located in the wall of the right atrium send an electric impulse across the right and left atrium
  • so right and left atrium contract at the same time
  • the electrical impulse then reaches the atrioventricular node in the septum
  • then it goes down the bundle of his all the way to the apex
  • then the impulse travels up the sides of the heart via purkinje fibres
36
Q

where do the blood from the coronary veins drain into and which compartment of the heart is this

A

all coronary veins drain into the coronary sinus which drains the blood back into the right atrium

37
Q

what role does the nervous system have in the heart, with what

A

controlling heart rate via the sympathetic and parasympathetic system

38
Q

where do the sympathetic servers supplying the heart originate? (landmark)

A

the spinal cord at vertebrae levels T1/T5

39
Q

what does the sympathetic system do

A

increase heart rate via flight or flight

40
Q

what nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic supply of the heart

A

vagus nerve

41
Q

what does the parasympathetic system do

A

slow down heart rate

42
Q

what is the cardiac plexuses

A

joining of vagus nerve branches to the sympathetic fibres

43
Q
A
44
Q
A

RAD 414 (24 decks)

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