respiratory system

Question 1

what’s the function of the respiratory tract

Answer 1

gas exchange

sense of smell

phonation/speaking

Question 2

why do we need the air to be humid

Answer 2

to keep the respiratory tracts moist so it can attract pathogens

Question 3

why does the air need to be warm

Answer 3

gas exchange happens at optimal temp which is body temp

Question 4

what is the frontal and sphenoid sinus

Answer 4

areas that hold mucus in skull

Question 5

where are the turbinates located

Answer 5

in the nasal cavity

Question 6

what are the 3 turbinates

Answer 6

inferior
middle
superior turbinatw

Question 7

what is the structure and role of turbinates

Answer 7

mucus lined bony structures that

1. increase surface area of nasal cavity
2. makes air turbulent increasing its contact with the mucous (help add moisture to air and warm it up)

Question 8

why is the nasal cavity highly vasulated

Answer 8

lots of blood vessels that run in opposite to air flow which allows heat exchange

Question 9

what are the 3 pharynx

Answer 9

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Question 10

what is the epiglottis

Answer 10

flap that goes over the larynx to close it

Question 11

what 2 types of cartilage are found at the larynx (voice box)

Answer 11

thyroid
cricoid

Question 12

what is the purpose of membranes between the tracheal caritlage

Answer 12

give them more flexibility

Question 13

what do you call the point where the trachea bifurcates

Answer 13

carina

Question 14

what feature of the trachea allows it to open and close

Answer 14

the trachealis (smooth muscle) tightens or relaxes

Question 15

describe the structure of the trachea

Answer 15

• trachealis smooth muscle
• mucose (pseudostratified ciliate columnar epithelia)
• submucosa (contains connective tissue with sub mucous glands)
• c shaped cartilage (keep it open, gives more flexibility to open and close
• lumen

Question 16

what is the use of cilia in trachea

Answer 16

waft and beat the mucous up to the throat so it can be swelled and stomach can kill the pathogens

Question 17

why is there only sqamous cells towards the end of the trachea

Answer 17

thin for better gas exchange

Question 18

how does smoking affect cilia

Answer 18

paralyses cilia so cant waft the mucous up, potentially harbouring pathogen causing infection

Question 19

what cells produce the mucoius

Answer 19

goblet cells and glands

Question 20

why do respiratory disease affect terminal bronchial more

Answer 20

because the c cartilage is terminated leaving only smooth muscle so they effect it as it is doesnt have the cartilage to keep it open

Question 21

what type of epithelia is found in the trachea

Answer 21

psedostratified ciliated columnar

Question 22

what type of epithelia is in the alveoli

Answer 22

simple squamous

Question 23

describe how structures in the thoracic cavity change during ventilation

Answer 23

sternum and ribs move up and outwards

diaphragm contracts inferior

all to increase thoracic volume

Question 24

what 2 [arts of the diaphragm are there

Answer 24

left and right hemi diaphragm

Question 25

why does the right hemisphere diaphragm sit higher

Answer 25

because the liver sits underneath

Question 26

what do all the muscle fibres on the semi diaphragms connect to

Answer 26

the central tendon

Question 27

what happens when the diaphragm contracts

Answer 27

the muscle fibres on the diaphragm pull down on the central tendon to increase thoracic volume

Question 28

what level does the inferior vena cave pass through the diaphragm

Answer 28

T8 (venacava has 8 letters)

Question 29

what level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm

Answer 29

T10 (oespophagus has 10 letters)

Question 30

what level does the descending aorta pass through the diaphragm

Answer 30

T12 (aortichiatus hole that aorta travels thru in diaphragm has 12 letters)

Question 31

what is the prefix relating to the diaphragm

Answer 31

phrenic

Question 32

what level is the phrenic nerve at

Answer 32

c3 c4 c5 (c3 c4 c5 keeps the diaphragm alive)

Question 33

what 6 muscles are used in inspirations

Answer 33

Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, External intercostals, Scalenes, Serratus anterior, Innermost intercostals

Question 34

what 3 muscles are used in expiration

Answer 34

Internal intercostals, Abdominal muscles, Innermost intercostals

Question 35

explain how the diaphragm moves to accommodate exhale and inhaling

Answer 35

inspiration = diaphragm contracts so pressure in thorax decreases, causing air to enter lungs down a pressure gradient expiration = diaphragm relaxes so pressure in thorax increases, causing air to leave lungs down a pressure gradient

Question 36

what is the pressure b/q layers of Plura compared to atmospheric pressure

Answer 36

lower (756 mmg vs 760mmg)

Question 37

Roughly what age does our bronchial tree stop growing?

Answer 37

18

Question 38

Which pneumocytes produce surfactant

Answer 38

type 2

Question 39

Who is particularly vulnerable to not being able to produce surfactant?

Answer 39

pre mature babies

Question 40

what does surfactant do

Answer 40

keeps alveoli to stay open by making sure they dont stick and clsoe

Question 41

compared the SA of alveoli in adults to babies

Answer 41

kids = 2.8m2 adults = 75m2

Question 42

what happens if the oesophagi-tracheal septum dont form in babies

Answer 42

fistula , abnormal connection between oseophagus and trachea needs surgical repair

Question 43

how many bronchopulmonary segments are there on the left vs the right

Answer 43

left = 10-8 right = 10 (as left lung is smaller)

Question 44

what is bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 44

smallst functional unit of lung (each bronchopulmonary segment has its own pulmonary supply) each segment has a septum running between them

Question 45

what provides lung muscle with oxygen

Answer 45

bronchial artery, vein and nerve

Question 46

why is the right bronchial more prone to choking

Answer 46

right bronchial is wider, shorter and at a more vertical angle

Question 47

how many lobes are in right and left lugn

Answer 47

right = 3 left = 2

Question 48

what are the fissures called in each lung

Answer 48

left = 1 oblique fissure right = horizonta (separates UL AND ML) l and oblique (separates LL AND ML) fissure

Question 49

why is it hard to see disease in apex

Answer 49

because it runs 3 cms above apex

Question 50

at what landmark in the lungs do structures to enter and exit lungs to supply blood

Answer 50

hilum

Question 51

what is the function of the pulmonary ligament

Answer 51

stabilises the lung free moving in pleural cavity but ligament holds the hilum in place to stop it twisting and ripping the pleura