into to musculoskeletal system

Question 1

whats an axial and appendicular skeleton

Answer 1

the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate.

comprised of the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis.

Question 2

what are the 5 functions of bones

Answer 2

• supports
• calcium storage
• protection
• attachement for muscles
• haematopoiesis (formation of blood cell components)

Question 3

what bones are found in axial skeleton

Answer 3

skull
vertebral column
ribs
sternum

Question 4

what bones are found in appendicular skeleton

Answer 4

limb bones
clavicle and scapula
pelvis

Question 5

how does bone structure aid its function

Answer 5

hard connective tissue makes it good for load bearing, movement and protection

Question 6

how does cartilage structure aid its function

Answer 6

elastic and more flexible so its good for connecting bone to bone and its smoothness means less friction for free movement at joints

Question 7

what is hyaline cartilage

Answer 7

covers the articular surface and its slippery and smooth which helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints

Question 8

whats fibrocartilage

Answer 8

act as a cushion within joints, where it helps manage compression forces and reduces stress placed on joints.

Question 9

what does ligament do

Answer 9

connects bone to bone

Question 10

what are the 5 types of bones

Answer 10

• long bones
• short bones
• sesamoid bones
• flat bones
• irregular bones

Question 11

give examples of each of the 5 different types of bones

Answer 11

long bones = femur, humerous, phalanx

short bones = carpal tarsal bones

sesamoid bones = embedded in tendon, patella

flat bones = skull and rib bones

irregular bones = maxilla, vertebrae bones, nasal

Question 12

what are the 3 different sections of a long bone

Answer 12

epiphysis (end)
metaphysis
diaphysis

Question 13

where are the epiphyseal plates located during bone growth

Answer 13

metaphyseys

Question 14

define ossification

Answer 14

when cartilage which forms preliminary bones are replaced and calcium is deposited

Question 15

when do your cuneiform bones begin to develop

Answer 15

ages 1-3

Question 16

what is trabecular bone

Answer 16

spongy bone

Question 17

what is perichondrium and its function

Answer 17

Surrounds hyaline and elastic cartilage

Protect bones and cartilage from injury and damage, nourish cartilage through blood vessels, and facilitate cartilage growth

Question 18

what is periosteum and its function

Answer 18

membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wraps around most of your bones
delivers bones their blood supply and gives them their sense of feeling

protects the bone and is the structure from which blood vessels and nerves enter bone.

Question 19

what is the medullary cavity

Answer 19

the hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow

Question 20

what are bone markings

Answer 20

different surfaces that are names to identify attachment sites and where adjacent structures lie

Question 21

what are the 7 types of bone markings

Answer 21

spine
foramen
fossa
crest
tubercle
ramus
ruberosity

Question 22

define spine

Answer 22

sharp process jutting out from bone

Question 23

define foramen

Answer 23

opening/round/oval hole in bone which structure pass

Question 24

define tubercle

Answer 24

small, elevated processf

Question 25

define crest

Answer 25

ridge of bone

Question 26

define fossa

Answer 26

hollow/depressed area

Question 27

define ramus

Answer 27

thin part of bone joining thicker partde

Question 28

fine tuberosity

Answer 28

large, rounded eminence which may have rough surface

Question 29

define olecranon

Answer 29

elbow head

Question 30

what are the 3 types of joints

Answer 30

fibrous synovial cartilaginous

Question 31

what is synovial space

Answer 31

characterised by the presence of a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule

Question 32

what are the 3 types of muscle

Answer 32

cardia smooth skeletal

Question 33

define muscle

Answer 33

contractile tissue that causes movement

Question 34

what is skeletal muscla

Answer 34

moves bones at their joints has an 'origin' and intertion/attachment point

Question 35

brief structure of skeletal muscle structure

Answer 35

made up of fascicles fascicles are made up of muscle fibres and muscle fibres are made out of myofibrils

Question 36

what are the 3 types of connecting tissues

Answer 36

tendon fasciae aponeurosis

Question 37

what is a tendon

Answer 37

rounded bundle of fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone

Question 38

what is fasciae

Answer 38

flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue attaching and investing a muscle

Question 39

what is aponerurosis

Answer 39

additional sheet of fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to additional parts it moves

Question 40

what is the order of build up towards a tendon/ligament

Answer 40

fibril fibre sub-facicle fascicle tendon/ligament

Question 41

what is an avulsion fraction

Answer 41

where ligament or tendon pulls of a piece of bone from where its attached

Question 42

what 2 things does muscle shape depend on

Answer 42

1. degree of contraction required (proportional to length of muscle fibres) 2. amount of power required (proportional to number of muscle fibres)

Question 43

what are the 7 types of muscle shapes and where can they be found

Answer 43

- parallel (biceps) - fusiform (groin) - unipennate (forearm) - bipennate (quads) - multipennate (delts/shoulders) - convergent (pecs) - circular (around mouth)

Question 44

what are the different types of muscle compartment in the bicep, forearm, thigh and shin

Answer 44

bicep = anterior flexor compartment, posterior extensor compartment forarm = anteriro flexor compartment, posterior extensor compartment thigh = anterior comparetment, medial adductor compartment, posterior compartment shin/lower legs = anterior compartment, lateral compartment, posterior compartment (superficial and deep)

Question 45

what is compartment syndrom

Answer 45

increased pressure in a muscle compartment -pain with stretch - paralysis - pulselessness etc

Question 46

why do vessels form a plexus/anastomosis around a joint

Answer 46

so blood flow is not stopped when joint is flexed

Question 47

define agonist vs antagonist in muscles

Answer 47

agonist = shortens muscle to produce movement antagonist = proportionally relaxed on agonist contraction (opposes agonist)wh

Question 48

what are the 3 types of contractions + explain

Answer 48

concentric = muscle actively shortening isometric = muscle actively maintains contraction eccentric = muscle actively lengthening

Question 49

what is an essential fixtor

Answer 49

clamp proximal joins to allow movement in distal joints

Question 50

what is the use of popliteus

Answer 50

the knee joint locks after standing for a long time to conserve energy popliteus unlocks the knee joint

Question 51

what are postural fixators

Answer 51

prevent changes in body position due to shifts in centre of gravity

Question 52

what is an advantage of long tendons

Answer 52

the muscle body doesnt actually have to be in the area of action e.g in foot

Question 53

define muscle tone

Answer 53

even when relaxed, muscles remain slightly contracted stabilises joints and maintains posture