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RAD 414 > into to musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

into to musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

whats an axial and appendicular skeleton

A

the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate.

comprised of the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis.

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2
Q

what are the 5 functions of bones

A
  • supports
  • calcium storage
  • protection
  • attachement for muscles
  • haematopoiesis (formation of blood cell components)
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3
Q

what bones are found in axial skeleton

A

skull
vertebral column
ribs
sternum

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4
Q

what bones are found in appendicular skeleton

A

limb bones
clavicle and scapula
pelvis

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5
Q

how does bone structure aid its function

A

hard connective tissue makes it good for load bearing, movement and protection

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6
Q

how does cartilage structure aid its function

A

elastic and more flexible so its good for connecting bone to bone and its smoothness means less friction for free movement at joints

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7
Q

what is hyaline cartilage

A

covers the articular surface and its slippery and smooth which helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints

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8
Q

whats fibrocartilage

A

act as a cushion within joints, where it helps manage compression forces and reduces stress placed on joints.

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9
Q

what does ligament do

A

connects bone to bone

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10
Q

what are the 5 types of bones

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • sesamoid bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
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11
Q

give examples of each of the 5 different types of bones

A

long bones = femur, humerous, phalanx

short bones = carpal tarsal bones

sesamoid bones = embedded in tendon, patella

flat bones = skull and rib bones

irregular bones = maxilla, vertebrae bones, nasal

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12
Q

what are the 3 different sections of a long bone

A

epiphysis (end)
metaphysis
diaphysis

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13
Q

where are the epiphyseal plates located during bone growth

A

metaphyseys

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14
Q

define ossification

A

when cartilage which forms preliminary bones are replaced and calcium is deposited

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15
Q

when do your cuneiform bones begin to develop

A

ages 1-3

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16
Q

what is trabecular bone

A

spongy bone

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17
Q

what is perichondrium and its function

A

Surrounds hyaline and elastic cartilage

Protect bones and cartilage from injury and damage, nourish cartilage through blood vessels, and facilitate cartilage growth

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18
Q

what is periosteum and its function

A

membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wraps around most of your bones
delivers bones their blood supply and gives them their sense of feeling

protects the bone and is the structure from which blood vessels and nerves enter bone.

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19
Q

what is the medullary cavity

A

the hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow

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20
Q

what are bone markings

A

different surfaces that are names to identify attachment sites and where adjacent structures lie

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21
Q

what are the 7 types of bone markings

A

spine
foramen
fossa
crest
tubercle
ramus
ruberosity

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22
Q

define spine

A

sharp process jutting out from bone

23
Q

define foramen

A

opening/round/oval hole in bone which structure pass

24
Q

define tubercle

A

small, elevated processf

25
Q

define crest

A

ridge of bone

26
Q

define fossa

A

hollow/depressed area

27
Q

define ramus

A

thin part of bone joining thicker partde

28
Q

fine tuberosity

A

large, rounded eminence which may have rough surface

29
Q

define olecranon

A

elbow head

30
Q

what are the 3 types of joints

A

fibrous
synovial
cartilaginous

31
Q

what is synovial space

A

characterised by the presence of a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule

32
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle

A

cardia
smooth
skeletal

33
Q

define muscle

A

contractile tissue that causes movement

34
Q

what is skeletal muscla

A

moves bones at their joints

has an ‘origin’ and intertion/attachment point

35
Q

brief structure of skeletal muscle structure

A

made up of fascicles
fascicles are made up of muscle fibres
and muscle fibres are made out of myofibrils

36
Q

what are the 3 types of connecting tissues

A

tendon
fasciae
aponeurosis

37
Q

what is a tendon

A

rounded bundle of fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone

38
Q

what is fasciae

A

flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue attaching and investing a muscle

39
Q

what is aponerurosis

A

additional sheet of fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to additional parts it moves

40
Q

what is the order of build up towards a tendon/ligament

A

fibril
fibre
sub-facicle
fascicle
tendon/ligament

41
Q

what is an avulsion fraction

A

where ligament or tendon pulls of a piece of bone from where its attached

42
Q

what 2 things does muscle shape depend on

A
  1. degree of contraction required (proportional to length of muscle fibres)
  2. amount of power required (proportional to number of muscle fibres)
43
Q

what are the 7 types of muscle shapes and where can they be found

A
  • parallel (biceps)
  • fusiform (groin)
  • unipennate (forearm)
  • bipennate (quads)
  • multipennate (delts/shoulders)
  • convergent (pecs)
  • circular (around mouth)
44
Q

what are the different types of muscle compartment in the bicep, forearm, thigh and shin

A

bicep = anterior flexor compartment, posterior extensor compartment

forarm = anteriro flexor compartment, posterior extensor compartment

thigh = anterior comparetment, medial adductor compartment, posterior compartment

shin/lower legs = anterior compartment, lateral compartment, posterior compartment (superficial and deep)

45
Q

what is compartment syndrom

A

increased pressure in a muscle compartment

-pain with stretch
- paralysis
- pulselessness etc

46
Q

why do vessels form a plexus/anastomosis around a joint

A

so blood flow is not stopped when joint is flexed

47
Q

define agonist vs antagonist in muscles

A

agonist = shortens muscle to produce movement

antagonist = proportionally relaxed on agonist contraction (opposes agonist)wh

48
Q

what are the 3 types of contractions + explain

A

concentric = muscle actively shortening

isometric = muscle actively maintains contraction

eccentric = muscle actively lengthening

49
Q

what is an essential fixtor

A

clamp proximal joins to allow movement in distal joints

50
Q

what is the use of popliteus

A

the knee joint locks after standing for a long time to conserve energy

popliteus unlocks the knee joint

51
Q

what are postural fixators

A

prevent changes in body position due to shifts in centre of gravity

52
Q

what is an advantage of long tendons

A

the muscle body doesnt actually have to be in the area of action e.g in foot

53
Q

define muscle tone

A

even when relaxed, muscles remain slightly contracted

stabilises joints and maintains posture

54
Q
A

RAD 414 (24 decks)

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