Cardiac, respiratory Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Which one of the following statements regarding the left lung is TRUE?
A
The left lung has two lobes and one fissure
2
Q
Which of the following describes the exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the pulmonary capillaries?
A
External respiration
3
Q
Which of the following describes the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs?
A
Pulmonary ventilation
4
Q
In which of the following structures does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?
A
Alveolus
5
Q
The respiratory zone consists of all of the following except:
A
Terminal bronchioles
6
Q
Deep inhalations and deep exhalations utilize what lung volumes?
A
Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
7
Q
Which of the following structures conducts the passage of air, food, and liquids?
A
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
8
Q
Which one of the following gas laws states: the volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure?
A
Boyle’s Law
9
Q
Which one of the following gas laws states: the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the substance over the liquid?
A
Henry’s Law
10
Q
Which of the following determines the direction of gas movement?
A
Partial pressure gradient
11
Q
What is the function of cilia in the nasal cavities?
A
trap dust-filled mucus
12
Q
Which of the following factors increase or improve hemoglobin’s affinity for Oxygen?
A
Low partial pressure of carbon dioxide
13
Q
Which one of the following conditions does NOT affect the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin?
A
The number of white blood cells
14
Q
Which one of the following gas laws describes why humans are affected by altitude sickness or decompression sickness during diving?
A
Henry’s Law
15
Q
Which one of the following lung capacities is described as: the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs in one breath while at rest?
A
Tidal volume
16
Q
Which one of the following gases is found in the highest concentration in the air we breathe?
A
Nitrogen
17
Q
Which one of the following statements describes the primary function of the Cerebral Cortex on our breathing?
A
The cortex allows voluntary alteration of our breathing pattern.
18
Q
Which one of the following processes is defined as the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide from the capillary into the alveoli?
A
Pulmonary gas exchange
19
Q
Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes Gas Exchange?
A
It is the movement of O2 into the tissues and the waste product CO2 out of the tissue.
20
Q
Which one of the following conditions is responsible for normal exhalation?
A
Elastic recoil
21
Q
Which one of the following muscles is the main muscle of respiration?
A
Diaphragm
22
Q
Which one of the following cells produces surfactant in the lungs?
A
Type 2 alveolar cells
23
Q
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the alveoli of the lungs?
A
The respiratory membrane is very thick in order to provide structural support to the alveoli
24
Q
Which one of the following structures of the airway is called the voice box?
A
Larynx
25
Which one of the following structures of the airway is called the windpipe?
Trachea
26
Which one of the following structures of the airway is directly posterior to the oral cavity?
Oropharynx
27
Which one of the following anatomical structures is responsible for preventing dehydration during exhalation?
Nasal conchae and meatuses
28
Which one of the following cells is responsible for removing dust from the alveolar space?
Alveolar macrophage
29
Which one of the following statements indicates the purpose of an anastomosis?
The connection between arteries provides a redundant supply of oxygen to the tissues.
30
Which one of the following statements regarding the heart functioning as a pump is TRUE?
There is only 1 pump but 2 sides that supply blood to the lungs and blood to the body simultaneously
31
Which one of the following anatomical terms describes the interconnection of the ventricles of the heart?
Interventricular septum
32
Which one of the following terms describes the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat?
Stroke volume
33
Which of the following reflects the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart?
Left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve
34
Which of the following terms is the name of the relaxation phase of the ventricles?
Diastole
35
Which of the following statements correctly describes systemic circulation?
The volume of blood pumped to the body from the heart to deliver oxygen
36
The layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the heart is called:
Endocardium
37
The layer of the heart that contracts and relaxes to propel blood through the heart is called:
Myocardium
38
The valve between the left ventricle and the blood vessel leaving the left ventricle is the:
Aortic semilunar valve
39
What is the name given to the smallest blood vessels in the body?
Capillaries
40
Blood pressure is highest in which of the following vessels?
Arteries
41
The pulse is a direct reflection of which of the following?
Heart beat
42
In the pulmonary circuit, the __________ half of the heart pumps __________ blood to the alveoli of the lungs, and then _____________ blood flows back to the heart.
Right; deoxygenated; oxygenated
43
Which of the following blood vessels begins at the level of T12, descends to the level of L4, runs parallel to the inferior vena cava, and follows the curvature of the lumbar curve?
Abdominal aorta
44
Branches of which of the following arteries will serve the arm and the hand?
Axillary
45
Which of the following veins is found in the lower limbs?
Great saphenous vein
46
Which one of the following arteries is found in the upper limbs?
Brachial artery
47
A blood clot formed within a blood vessel that breaks off from its place of origin and travels in the blood. This statement is a definition of which of the following?
Embolus
48
What is the name given to an immature, non-functioning red blood cell?
Reticulocyte
49
Which of the following structures in red blood cells give them their red colour?
Hemoglobin
50
Which of the following is the definition of erythropoiesis?
Iron
51
Which of the following is the advantage of anastomoses?
It provides an alternate pathway for blood to travel if another vessel is blocked
52
Which one of the following terms is defined as: the process of gel formation in a series of reactions forming fibrin threads?
Coagulation
53
Which of the following is the definition of erythropoiesis?
The formation red blood cells
54
Which of the following is TRUE regarding type B blood?
Has the B proteins on its red blood cell
55
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding type O blood?
It has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
56
Which of the following blood types is considered the "universal recipient"?
Type AB
57
Which of the following terms can be defined as a foreign substance to the body that triggers an immune response?
Antigens
58
Which one of the following specific defense mechanisms protects against foreign organisms that have infected body cells?
Cell-mediated immune system
59
Which one of the following immune cells directly terminates antigens?
Cytotoxic T cells
60
Immunoglobulins are also known as:
Antibodies
61
T cells require two signals to be activated. One signal is the binding of the antigen presented by the antigen presenting cell (APC). The other is the binding of:
Co-stimulators
62
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the immune system?
Antigens are specific proteins that destroy pathogens
63
Which of the following body systems is considered part of the immune system?
Lymphatic system
64
The maturation of T cells and the production of particular T cell receptors occurs in the:
Thymus gland
65
Which of the following occurs when immune cells lose self-tolerance?
Autoimmunity develops
66
Which one of the following conditions is described as an abnormally low platelet count?
Thrombocytopenia
67
Which clinical manifestation of the common cold is seen in children but NOT commonly seen in adults?
Fever
68
Which of the following statements regarding Influenza is TRUE?
Young children are most likely to become infected
69
Which one of the following processes identifies why patients with pulmonary embolisms have very few and mild symptoms?
The lungs have redundant or collateral blood circulation
70
Which one of the following micronutrients is NOT implicated in deficient red blood cell production?
Vitamin A
71
Which one of the following serious conditions is described as retrograde pressure on the right ventricle that leads to hypertrophy of the right ventricle and creates chronic pulmonary hypertension?
Cor pulmonale
72
Which one of the following locations is the most likely source of a pulmonary embolism?
Deep Vein in the legs
73
Which one of the following terms is defined as: difficulty breathing?
Dyspnea
74
Which one of the following organs or tissues is affected by the Tetralogy of Fallot?
The heart
75
Which one of the following diseases causes severe chronic fluid secretion in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems in children?
Cystic Fibrosis
76
Which one of the following conditions can be the result of chronic exercise?
Compartment syndrome
77
Which one of the following diseases is a permanent dilatation of one or more bronchi placing pressure on neighboring bronchi?
Bronchiectasis
78
Which one of the following statements describes Asthma?
Reactive airways disorder due to inflammation
79
Which adaptive mechanism does NOT occur during chronic inflammation in the respiratory system?
It triggers increased growth of alveoli to handle the demand of cell damage
80
Which one of the following conditions is defined as: air entering the pleural cavity?
Pneumothorax
81
Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes Essential Hypertension?
A chronic elevation of blood pressure in an otherwise healthy person
82
Which one of the following anatomical changes is found with the disease Emphysema?
SCM hypertrophies, shoulder elevate & expansion of the rib cage occurs
83
Which one of the following lists of manifestations occurs with an asthma attack?
Dyspnea and wheezing with difficulty exhaling
84
Which one of the following hypersensitivity reactions is occurring in the blood of an individual with contact dermatitis?
Type IV - T-cell mediated hypersensitivity
85
Which one of the following statements identifies the function of 'pursed lip breathing' in Emphysema?
This action 'holds the airway open' and prevents alveolar collapse
86
Which one of the following processes is unique to the condition Bronchitis?
Inflammation of one or more bronchi
87
Which condition results when emphysema, bronchitis or asthma becomes a chronic event?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
88
Which one of the following statements identifies the etiology of Pneumoconioses?
There is inhalation of inorganic dusts and particulate matter such as asbestos
89
Which one of the following conditions is caused by bacteria, viruses and non infectious agents that lead to inflammation of the bronchioles and alveoli?
Pneumonia
90
Which one of the following statements describes the etiology of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?
There is pulmonary immaturity and surfactant deficiency leading to alveolar collapse
91
Which one of the following pathologies develops from incompetent valves then venous stasis, congestion, edema and finally thrombosis formation?
Varicose Veins
92
Which one of the following conditions begins with symptoms of fever, myalgia, sore throat, retro-orbital pain, photophobia, lymphadenopathy, maculopapular rash and headache?
HIV
93
Which one of the following congenital cardiac defect is known as a "hole in the heart"?
Atrial Septal Defect
94
Which Chromosomal Disorder results in boys that carry an extra 'X' chromosome and develop female characteristics?
Klinefelter's syndrome
95
Which one of the following symptoms is NOT found in Angina Pectoris?
left arm radiation
96
Which one of the following conditions is defined as: a failure of the heart to pump blood efficiently resulting in a build up of fluid in the bodies' tissues?
Congestive heart failure
97
Which one of the following conditions is described as: ischemic death of myocardial tissue due to atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries?
Myocardial infarction
98
Which one of the following terms defines a gene pair; one from the mother and one from the father?
Alleles
99
Which one of the following terms describes a biochemical event such as a deletion that produces new alleles?
Gene Mutation
100
Which one of the following genes is responsible for a sex-linked disorder?
The 'X' chromosome
101
When do chromosomal disorders occur?
During meiosis of a fertilized ovum
102
In Autosomal dominant disorders what chance does an affected parent have of passing on a mutant gene?
50% chance
103
In which one of the following situations will a child express an Autosomal Recessive Disorder?
If both parents are carriers of the gene
104
Which one of the following genetic disease results from a connective tissue disorder causing elongated limbs, fingers hyperflexion of the joints and heart conditions?
Marfan's Syndrome
105
Which Chromosomal Disorder is caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21 resulting in altered facial features, mental retardation and lax joints?
Down Syndrome
106
Which one of the following statements regarding heart failure is FALSE?
The heart can not adapt during heart failure by any means thus death occurs within days
107
When is the "Period of Vulnerability" as it relates to the effect of chemicals on fetal development?
Day 15-60
108
Which one of the following vitamins do pregnant women take prior to and during pregnancy to prevent neural tube disorders?
Folic acid
109
Which one of the following genetic diseases is caused by a liver enzyme deficiency resulting in mental retardation and delayed speech?
PKU
110
Which one of the following statements describes angiogenesis?
Growth of blood vessels
111
Which one of the following types of shock is described by the loss of blood vessel tone, enlargement or vascular compartment, and displacement of vascular volume away from the heart and central circulation?
Distributive Shock
112
Which one of the following term is means an increase in the number of cells growth?
Hyperplasia
113
Which one of the following terms is defined as a swelling due to inflammation or trauma?
Tumor
114
When naming a tumor, what is the suffix added to the tissue type?
oma
115
Which one of the following statements describes a Teratogenic agent?
An environmental agent that produces abnormalities during fetal development
116
Which one of the following characteristics describes a malignant neoplasm?
It invades the blood and lymph stream
117
Which one of the following types of tumor grows in a capsule and can compress nearby structures?
Benign Tumors
118
Which one of the following terms describes the process when normal cells turn into cancer cells?
Oncogenesis
119
Which of the following terms describes a chemical agent that is capable of causing cancer in the body?
Carcinogen
120
What is anorexia-cachexia syndrome?
A wasting disorder due the growth of cancer
121
Which one of the following events must occur for any tumor to enlarge and its cells to spread?
Angiogenesis in the tumor
122
Which one of the following is NOT a treatment for cancer?
Massage therapy
123
Which one of the following is a type of bone cancer?
Chondrosacroma
124
Which one of the following as a symptom of bone cancer?
Worsening pain at night in the affected area
125
What type of tumor is present if the symptoms include no pain, no palpable mass and an unexplained bone fracture?
Benign bone tumor
126
What is Metastatic Bone Disease?
Cancer that has spread to the bone from an other site like the breast or prostate
127
Which of the following is not a type of non-small cell lung cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma
128
Which form of treatment is the only treatment used for Small Cell Lung Cancer?
Chemotherapy
129
Which of the following diseases is a risk factor for colon cancer?
Ulcerative colitis
130
All of the following are symptoms of colon cancer. Which symptom is considered a "late symptom"?
Pain
131
Nevi that have the capacity to turn into malignant melanomas are called:
Dyplastic nevi
132
Which of the following is NOT a risk of malignant melanoma?
Cigarette smoking
133
Which of the following types of cancer primarily occur on areas that are not exposed to sun?
Basal cell carcinoma
134
Hormonal influences that promote breast maturation and may increase the chance of cell mutation include all of the following EXCEPT:
Late menarche
135
When skin ages what event creates wrinkles, weakening the skin?
Loss of fibroblasts that form collagen and elastic fiber
136
During the aging process, which one of the following event describes electrons being 'stolen' from proteins and lipids?
Free radical formation
137
What part of a chromosome is lost over time contributing to the aging of cells?
Telomeres at the ends of chromosomes
138
Which one of the following symptoms occurs in delirium?
Agitation, disorientation and fearlessness
139
Which one of the following events does NOT occur in aging muscles?
Increased reflexes
140
Which one of the following changes in physiology will occur when joints age?
Weakening of the joint capsule
